Números 35

VBL · Chapter 35/36

1El Señor le habló a Moisés en las llanuras de Moab junto al Jordán, frente a Jericó. Le dijo,

2“Ordena a los israelitas que provean de sus ciudades de asignación de tierras para que los levitas vivan y pasten alrededor de las ciudades.

3Las ciudades son para que vivan en ellas, y los pastos serán para sus rebaños y para todo su ganado.

4Los pastos alrededor de las ciudades que le des a los levitas se extenderán desde el muro mil codos por todos lados.

5Mide dos mil codos fuera de la ciudad al Este, dos mil al Sur, dos mil al Oeste y dos mil al Norte, con la ciudad en el medio. Estas áreas serán sus pastos alrededor de las ciudades.

6“Seis de los pueblos que le das a los levitas serán pueblos santuarios, donde una persona que mata a alguien puede correr para protegerse. Además de estas ciudades, dale a los levitas cuarenta y dos más .

7El número total de pueblos que le darás a los levitas es de cuarenta y ocho, junto con sus pastos.

8Las ciudades que asignes para ser entregadas a los levitas serán tomadas del territorio de los israelitas, y tomarás más de las tribus más grandes y menos las más pequeñas. El número será proporcional al tamaño de la asignación de tierras de cada tribu”.

9El Señor le dijo a Moisés,

10“Dile a los israelitas: ‘Cuando cruces el Jordán hacia Canaán,

11escoge pueblos como tus pueblos de santuario, para que una persona que mate a alguien por error pueda correr allí.

12Estas ciudades serán para ustedes santuario de los que buscan venganza, para que el asesino no muera hasta que sea juzgado en un tribunal.

13“Las ciudades que elijan serán sus seis ciudades santuario.

14Elijan tres ciudades al otro lado del Jordán y tres en Canaán como ciudades de refugio.

15Estas seis ciudades serán lugares de santuario para los israelitas y para los extranjeros o colonos entre ellos, de modo que cualquiera que mate a una persona por error pueda correr allí.

16“Pero si alguien golpea deliberadamente a alguien con algo hecho de hierro y lo mata, esa persona es un asesino y debe ser ejecutado.

17Si alguien toma un trozo de piedra que pueda ser usado como arma y golpea a alguien con ella, y lo mata, esa persona es un asesino y debe ser ejecutado.

18Si alguien toma un trozo de madera que pueda ser usado como arma y golpea a alguien con ella, y lo mata, esa persona es un asesino y debe ser ejecutado.

19“El vengador debe ejecutar al asesino. Cuando encuentre al asesino, lo matará.

20De la misma manera, si uno odia al otro y lo derriba o le tira algo deliberadamente, y lo mata;

21o si alguien golpea a otro con su mano y mueren, el que lo golpeó debe ser ejecutado porque es un asesino. Cuando el vengador encuentra al asesino, debe matarlo.

22“Pero si alguien derriba a otro sin querer y sin odiarlo, o le tira algo sin querer hacerle daño,

23o deja caer descuidadamente una piedra pesada que lo mata, pero no como enemigo o con intención de hacerle daño,

24entonces la comunidad debe juzgar entre el asesino y el vengador siguiendo este reglamento.

25El tribunal debe proteger al asesino de ser atacado por el vengador y debe devolverlo a la ciudad santuario a la que corrió, y debe permanecer allí hasta la muerte del sumo sacerdote, que fue ungido con el óleo santo.

26“Pero si el asesino sale de los límites de la ciudad santuario a la que huyó,

27y el vengador lo encuentra fuera de su ciudad santuario y lo mata, entonces el vengador no será culpable de asesinato,

28porque el asesino tiene que permanecer en su ciudad santuario hasta la muerte del sumo sacerdote. Sólo después de la muerte del sumo sacerdote se les permite volver a la tierra que poseen.

29Estas normas se aplican a todas las generaciones futuras dondequiera que vivan.

30“Si alguien mata a una persona, el asesino debe ser ejecutado basándose en las pruebas aportadas por los testigos, en plural. Nadie debe ser ejecutado basándose en la evidencia dada por un solo testigo.

31“No se aceptará el pago en lugar de ejecutar a un asesino que ha sido declarado culpable.

32Tampoco se le permite aceptar el pago de una persona que huye a una ciudad santuario y le permite regresar y vivir en su propia tierra antes de la muerte del sumo sacerdote.

33“No contaminen la tierra donde viven porque el derramamiento de sangre contamina la tierra, y la tierra donde se derrama la sangre no puede ser purificada excepto por la sangre de quien la derrama.

34No hagas impura la tierra donde vives porque yo también vivo allí. Yo soy el Señor, y vivo con los israelitas’”.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God orders that the Levites receive 48 cities scattered throughout the territory of Israel, including six cities of refuge, where a person who killed someone accidentally could be protected from a relative's vengeance until being fairly judged.

Explanation

The cities of refuge represent one of the most advanced justice systems of the ancient world: at a time without centralized courts and where blood vengeance by relatives was common, these cities offered a safe space and a fair trial before any punishment, carefully distinguishing between willful (intentional) and unintentional (accidental) killing. The requirement for the accidental killer to remain in the city of refuge until the death of the high priest (not indefinitely, nor for a fixed period) creates an interesting system in which the length of the sentence was symbolically tied to the life of the nation's highest spiritual authority. The distribution of these cities throughout the territory, rather than in just one region, ensured that justice and protection were geographically accessible to all Israelites, not only to those living near a center of power.

Fun facts

  • The six cities of refuge (three on each side of the Jordan) formed a well-distributed network designed so that no one would need to travel excessively far to reach a safe refuge in an emergency — a remarkably practical piece of geographic planning for the time.
  • The principle that 'one witness shall not testify' to condemn someone to death (v. 30) is cited by Jesus and by Paul in the New Testament (Matthew 18:16; 2 Corinthians 13:1) as the basis for requiring multiple witnesses before any serious accusation within the community of faith.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Números 35:1Still at the final camp on the plains of Moab, the LORD speaks to Moses about a new matter: where the Levites would live within the promised land.
  2. Números 35:2Since the Levites did not receive a territory of their own, the command is for each tribe to give up some cities, with pastureland around them, for the Levites to live in.
  3. Números 35:3These cities would serve as homes for the Levites, while the pastureland around them would provide for their livestock and animals.
  4. Números 35:4The pastureland around each city was to extend a thousand cubits out from the wall, in every direction.
  5. Números 35:5The detailed measurement was two thousand cubits on each side — east, south, west, and north — with the city always at the center of that square of land.
  6. Números 35:6Among the cities given to the Levites, six are designated as cities of refuge, where someone who had killed another person unintentionally could take shelter. The idea was to give a safe place for someone who had caused an accidental death, protecting him from immediate revenge until the case could be judged.
  7. Números 35:7Adding the six cities of refuge to the other forty-two, the total number of cities given to the Levites came to forty-eight, all with their pastureland.
  8. Números 35:8The contribution of cities was to be proportional: tribes with more land would give up more cities, tribes with less land would give up fewer, each according to the size of its own inheritance.
  9. Números 35:9The LORD speaks once more to Moses, now about a specific system of legal protection within the promised land.
  10. Números 35:10The instruction applies to when the people would have crossed the Jordan and settled in Canaan.
  11. Números 35:11The command is to set apart specific cities of refuge, where someone who killed another person unintentionally could flee.
  12. Números 35:12These cities would protect the accused from the avenger of blood, usually a relative of the victim, until the case was formally judged before the congregation.
  13. Números 35:13Of the total cities given to the Levites, six specific ones would be reserved solely for this purpose of refuge.
  14. Números 35:14Three of these cities would lie on the east side of the Jordan, and the other three already within the land of Canaan.
  15. Números 35:15These six cities would protect both Israelites and foreigners living among them, covering anyone who caused an accidental death.
  16. Números 35:16The law draws a clear line between killing by accident and killing on purpose: using an iron object, a stone large enough to kill, or a piece of wood capable of causing death was already considered proof of intent. In these cases, the person was treated as a murderer and had no right to the refuge of the city.
  17. Números 35:17Likewise, killing someone with a stone capable of causing death was also treated as murder, carrying a guaranteed death penalty.
  18. Números 35:18The same applied to killing someone with a piece of wood used as a weapon: it counted as intentional murder.
  19. Números 35:19In these cases of proven murder, the avenger of blood himself had the right to kill the guilty party on finding him.
  20. Números 35:20The law also covered pushing someone out of hatred or throwing something at a person on purpose, resulting in death.
  21. Números 35:21Striking someone with one’s own hand out of hostility, causing death, also counted as murder, subject to the same penalty.
  22. Números 35:22But the law changes when the push happens suddenly, without prior hostility, or when something is thrown without intent to injure.
  23. Números 35:23The same applies to dropping a stone without seeing the person below, with no hostility or intent to cause harm.
  24. Números 35:24In these ambiguous cases, it fell to the congregation to judge between the accused and the avenger of blood, applying these rules carefully.
  25. Números 35:25Someone who had killed another person by accident was protected in the city of refuge, safe from the avenger of blood, usually a relative of the victim with the traditional right of revenge, until the death of the high priest then in office. After that, he could return home freely — a defined, if indirect, deadline for the end of that protection.
  26. Números 35:26But there was a clear limit to that protection: if the accused left the boundaries of the city of refuge where he was sheltered,
  27. Números 35:27and the avenger of blood found him outside those boundaries and killed him, that avenger would not be held guilty of that death.
  28. Números 35:28The rule is clear: the accused had to stay in the city of refuge until the death of the high priest; only after that could he return freely to his own land.
  29. Números 35:29These rules would apply permanently, generation after generation, wherever the people lived.
  30. Números 35:30To convict someone of murder, the testimony of more than one person was required; a single witness was not enough to put anyone to death.
  31. Números 35:31Unlike other cases in the law where money could settle a debt or guilt, here the text forbids any payment to free someone guilty of murder from the death penalty. It was a way of saying that a life taken on purpose could not simply be bought back.
  32. Números 35:32It was also not permitted to pay money to release early someone sheltered in a city of refuge, letting him avoid waiting until the death of the high priest.
  33. Números 35:33The underlying reasoning is that spilled blood pollutes the land, and that pollution could only be resolved by the death of the one who committed the crime, never by payment.
  34. Números 35:34The chapter closes by reinforcing that the people were not to defile the land where they lived, since the LORD Himself dwelt there among them.

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