Números 21

VBL · Chapter 21/36

1El rey cananeo de Arad, que vivía en el Néguev, se enteró de que los israelitas se acercaban por el camino de Atharim. Fue y atacó a Israel y tomó a algunos de ellos prisioneros.

2Así que Israel hizo una promesa solemne al Señor: “Si nos entregas a esta gente, nos comprometemos a destruir completamente sus pueblos”.

3El Señor respondió a su invitación y les entregó a los cananeos. Los israelitas los destruyeron completamente a ellos y a sus pueblos, y llamaron al lugar Horma.

4Los israelitas dejaron el Monte Hor por el camino que lleva al Mar Rojo para evitar viajar por el país de Edom. Pero el pueblo se puso de mal humor en el camino

5y se quejó contra Dios y contra Moisés, diciendo: “¿Por qué nos sacaste de Egipto para morir en el desierto? No tenemos ni pan ni agua, y odiamos esta horrible comida!”

6Así que el Señor envió serpientes venenosas para atacarlos, y muchos israelitas fueron mordidos y murieron.

7El pueblo fue a ver a Moisés y le dijo: “Nos equivocamos al presentar quejas contra el Señor y contra ti. Por favor, ruega al Señor que nos quite las serpientes de encima”. Moisés rezó al Señor en su nombre.

8El Señor le dijo a Moisés: “Haz una maqueta de una serpiente y ponla en un palo. Cuando alguien que haya sido mordido la mire, vivirá”.

9Moisés hizo una serpiente de bronce y la puso en un poste. Aquellos que la miraron vivieron.

10Los israelitas salieron y acamparon en Obot.

11Luego se fueron de Obot y acamparon en Iye-abarim en el desierto en el lado este de Moab.

12Se fueron de allí y acamparon en el Valle de Zered.

13Luego se trasladaron de allí y acamparon en el lado más alejado del río Arnón, en el desierto cerca del territorio de Amorite. El río Arnón es la frontera entre Moab y los amorreos.

14Por eso el Libro de las Guerras del Señor se refiere “al pueblo de Vaheb en Sufa y al barranco de Arnón,

15a las laderas del barranco que llegan al pueblo de Ar que está en la frontera con Moab”.

16Desde allí se trasladaron a Beer, el pozo donde el Señor le dijo a Moisés, “Haz que el pueblo se reúna para que pueda darles agua”.

17Entonces los israelitas cantaron esta canción: “¡Echen agua en el pozo! ¡Cada uno de ustedes, cante!

18Los jefes de las tribus cavaron el pozo; sí, los jefes del pueblo cavaron el pozo con sus varas de autoridad y sus bastones”.

19Desde Mataná viajaron a Nahaliel, de Nahaliel a Bamot,

20y de Bamoth al valle en el territorio de Moab donde la cima del Monte Pisga mira hacia los páramos.

21Entonces Israel envió mensajeros a Sehón, rey de los amorreos, con la siguiente petición:

22“Por favor, permítanos viajar a través de su país. No cruzaremos ninguno de sus campos o viñedos, ni beberemos agua de ninguno de sus pozos. Permaneceremos en la Carretera del Rey hasta que hayamos pasado por su país”.

23Pero Sehón se negó a permitir que los israelitas viajaran por su territorio. En su lugar, llamó a todo su ejército y salió al encuentro de los israelitas de frente en el desierto. Cuando llegó a Jahaz, atacó a los israelitas.

24Los israelitas los derrotaron, matándolos con sus espadas. Se apoderaron de su tierra desde el río Arnón hasta el río Jaboc, pero sólo hasta la frontera de los amonitas, porque estaba bien defendida.

25Los israelitas conquistaron todos los pueblos amorreos y se apoderaron de ellos, incluyendo Hesbón y sus pueblos vecinos.

26Hesbón era la capital de Sehón, rey de los amorreos, que había luchado contra el anterior rey de Moab y le había quitado todas sus tierras hasta el río Arnón.

27Por eso los antiguos compositores escribieron: “¡Vengan a Hesbón y hagan que la reconstruyan; restauren la ciudad de Sehón!

28Porque un fuego salió de Hesbón, una llama de la ciudad de Sihón. Quemó a Ar en Moab, donde los gobernantes viven en las alturas de Arnón.

29¡Qué desastre enfrentas, Moab! ¡Vais a morir todos, pueblo de Quemos! Entregaste a tus hijos como exiliados y a tus hijas como prisioneras a Sehón, rey de los amorreos.

30¡Pero ahora hemos derrotado a los amorreos! El gobierno de Heshbon ha sido destruido hasta Dibon. Los aniquilamos hasta Nofa y hasta Medeba”.

31Los israelitas ocuparon el país de los amorreos.

32Moisés envió hombres a explorar Jazer. Los israelitas conquistaron los pueblos de los alrededores y expulsaron a los amorreos que vivían allí.

33Luego continuaron en el camino hacia Basán. Og, rey de Basán, dirigió a todo su ejército para enfrentarse a ellos de frente, y luchó contra ellos en Edrei.

34El Señor le dijo a Moisés: “No tienes que temerle, porque yo te lo he entregado, junto con todo su pueblo y su tierra. Hazle lo que hiciste con Sehón, rey de los amorreos, que gobernó desde Hesbón”.

35Así que mataron a Og, a sus hijos y a todo su ejército. Nadie sobrevivió, y los israelitas se apoderaron de su país.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Israel defeats the king of Arad (Hormah), but complains again along the way, and is punished with venomous serpents. God tells Moses to raise a bronze serpent for healing, and afterward Israel defeats kings Sihon (the Amorites) and Og (Bashan), advancing its territory.

Explanation

The bronze serpent is one of the most theologically rich symbols in the Old Testament: instead of simply removing the serpents, God provides a means of healing that required faith and a simple action (looking at the raised symbol), showing that God's salvation often comes in a way that defies our logic about merit and effort. The military victories over Sihon and Og, two powerful kings, begin to shift Israel's narrative from constant defeat to effective conquest, showing that the 40 years of discipline did not mean abandonment — God kept fighting for His people. This chapter is a visible turning point: Israel finally begins to take possession of territories that will become part of the promised land.

Fun facts

  • Jesus makes direct reference to this episode in John 3:14-15, comparing His own crucifixion ('lifted up') to the bronze serpent raised by Moses, as a source of healing and life for whoever looks in faith.
  • Centuries later, King Hezekiah destroyed this same bronze serpent (2 Kings 18:4) because the people had begun worshiping it as an idol (calling it Nehushtan) — showing how even a genuine symbol of divine healing can be corrupted into idolatry when the object itself comes to be venerated in place of God.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Números 21:1The Canaanite king of Arad, hearing that Israel was approaching, attacks the people and even manages to take some of them prisoner.
  2. Números 21:2In response, Israel makes a vow to the LORD: if He would hand that people over to them, they would utterly destroy the enemy cities.
  3. Números 21:3The LORD grants the request, hands the Canaanites over to Israel, and the people destroy everything completely, giving the place the name Hormah.
  4. Números 21:4The caravan sets out from Mount Hor toward the Red Sea, going around the territory of Edom, and the people begin to lose patience with the long journey.
  5. Números 21:5Once again the people complain against God and Moses, repeating the same old question — why bring them out of Egypt only to die in the wilderness — and now they are also sick of the manna, called here worthless food.
  6. Números 21:6After yet another complaint from the people about the food and the journey, God sends venomous serpents into the camp, and several people die from the bites. It is one more episode in the string of rebellions that mark this generation in the wilderness.
  7. Números 21:7Repentant, the people acknowledge the sin of speaking against God and Moses, ask for the serpents to be taken away, and Moses intercedes in prayer for them.
  8. Números 21:8The LORD responds with an unusual solution: make a serpent and set it on a pole, so that whoever was bitten and looked at it would survive.
  9. Números 21:9To heal whoever had been bitten, God tells Moses to make a bronze serpent and set it on a raised pole; whoever looked at it after being bitten survived. It was not the serpent itself that healed, but the act of obeying and looking at the sign God had given.
  10. Números 21:10This stop comes right after the episode of the bronze serpent. Oboth already marks the final stretch of the journey, approaching the land of Moab, going around the territory of Edom.
  11. Números 21:11From Oboth they move on to the hills of Abarim, in the wilderness facing Moab, toward the sunrise.
  12. Números 21:12The Zered brook marks Israel’s final departure from the territory of Edom, already on the last leg toward Moab — the same closing stretch that appears summarized, under other names, in the list in Numbers 33.
  13. Números 21:13Next they camp on the other side of the Arnon, right on the natural border between the territory of Moab and that of the Amorites.
  14. Números 21:14Here appears a citation from “the book of the wars of the Lord,” a work that did not survive to this day and about which nothing else is known beyond this mention. It shows that the Bible, at some points, cites external sources from that era that have been lost over time — the biblical text does not claim to be the only thing ever written about these events.
  15. Números 21:15The text also describes the terrain of the region: the slope of the valleys that stretches out toward Ar, right on the border of Moab.
  16. Números 21:16From there they move on to Beer, the specific well where the LORD had promised Moses He would gather the people there to give them water.
  17. Números 21:17At this point, Israel sings a song celebrating the well, inviting everyone to sing to it.
  18. Números 21:18The song recalls that this well was dug by the people’s own leaders, using their staffs of authority — and from there they move on to Mattanah.
  19. Números 21:19From Mattanah they go to Nahaliel, and from Nahaliel to Bamoth, continuing the journey recorded place by place.
  20. Números 21:20From Bamoth they reach a valley in the territory of Moab, at the top of Mount Pisgah, from where the wilderness ahead could already be seen.
  21. Números 21:21Israel sends messengers to Sihon, king of the Amorites, repeating the same diplomatic request already made to Edom.
  22. Números 21:22The request was to pass through the land without touching any crops or wells, staying only on the main road until they crossed the territory.
  23. Números 21:23Sihon, unlike Edom, does not just refuse — he gathers his army and goes out to meet Israel at Jahaz, heading into battle.
  24. Números 21:24Israel wins and takes possession of Sihon’s land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok, stopping at the border of the Ammonites, which was heavily fortified.
  25. Números 21:25Israel then occupies all the conquered Amorite cities, including Heshbon and its surrounding villages.
  26. Números 21:26Heshbon had in fact been Sihon’s capital, after he had already taken that land from the former king of Moab.
  27. Números 21:27Because of this conquest, the popular poets of the time sang about the rebuilding and strengthening of Heshbon, Sihon’s city.
  28. Números 21:28An ancient poem, quoted here, describes how Heshbon’s power had devastated Ar of Moab and the lords of the heights of the Arnon.
  29. Números 21:29The same poem laments the fall of Moab and its god Chemosh, whose people had been handed over as captives to Sihon.
  30. Números 21:30The poem goes on to describe the extent of Moab’s defeat, from Heshbon to Dibon, reaching all the way to Nophah and Medeba.
  31. Números 21:31After this victory, Israel begins to actually live in the land that had once belonged to the Amorites.
  32. Números 21:32Moses also sends spies to Jaazer, and the people take its villages, driving out the Amorites who lived there.
  33. Números 21:33Next, Israel heads toward Bashan, where Og, the local king, comes out to face them in battle at the city of Edrei.
  34. Números 21:34The LORD reassures Moses, telling him not to be afraid, because He had already handed Og, his people, and his land over to Israel, just as had happened with Sihon.
  35. Números 21:35Israel defeats Og completely, along with his sons and all his people, leaving no survivors, and takes possession of his land.

Chapters

Our apps

Our apps →

Bible in Stories

The Bible told as a story, with audio and videos.

📱 Get the app

World in Stories

True stories of humanity that sound made up.

Feito! Pequenas Vitórias

A light daily routine for people who lose track of the day.