Números 20

VBL · Chapter 20/36

1Fue durante el primer mes del año que todos los israelitas llegaron al desierto de Zin y establecieron un campamento en Cades. (Aquí fue donde Miriam murió y fue enterrada).

2Sin embargo, allí no había agua para que nadie bebiera, así que la gente se reunió para enfrentarse a Moisés y Aarón.

3Discutieron con Moisés, diciendo: “¡Si hubiéramos muerto con nuestros parientes en la presencia del Señor!

4¿Por qué has traído al pueblo del Señor a este desierto para que nosotros y nuestro ganado muramos aquí?

5¿Por qué nos has sacado de Egipto para venir a este horrible lugar? Aquí no crece nada, ni grano, ni higos, ni viñas, ni granadas. Y no hay agua para beber”.

6Moisés y Aarón dejaron el pueblo y se fueron a la entrada del Tabernáculo de Reunión. Allí cayeron boca abajo en el suelo, y la gloria del Señor se les apareció.

7El Señor le dijo a Moisés,

8“Toma el bastón y haz que la gente se reúna a tu alrededor. Mientras miran, tú y tu hermano Aarón ordenarán a la roca y derramará agua. Traerán agua de la roca para que el pueblo y su ganado puedan beber”.

9Moisés recogió el bastón que estaba guardado en la presencia del Señor, como se le había ordenado.

10Moisés y Aarón hicieron que todos se reunieran frente a la roca. Moisés les dijo: “¡Escuchen, pandilla de rebeldes! ¿Tenemos que sacar agua de esta roca para ustedes?”

11Entonces Moisés tomó el bastón y golpeó la roca dos veces. Salieron chorros de agua para que la gente y su ganado pudieran beber.

12Pero el Señor les dijo a Moisés y a Aarón: “Como no confiaron en mí lo suficiente para demostrar lo santo que soy a los israelitas, no serán ustedes los que los lleven al país que les he dado”.

13El lugar donde los israelitas discutían con el Señor se llamaba las aguas de Meribá, y era donde les revelaba su santidad.

14Moisés envió mensajeros desde Cades al rey de Edom, diciéndole: “Esto es lo que dice tu hermano Israel. Tú sabes todo sobre las dificultades que hemos enfrentado.

15Nuestros antepasados fueron a Egipto y nosotros vivimos allí mucho tiempo. Los egipcios nos trataron mal a nosotros y a nuestros antepasados,

16así que pedimos ayuda al Señor, y él escuchó nuestros gritos. Envió un ángel y nos sacó de Egipto.

17Por favor, permítanos viajar a través de su país. No cruzaremos ninguno de sus campos o viñedos, ni beberemos agua de ninguno de sus pozos. Nos quedaremos en la Carretera del Rey; no nos desviaremos ni a la derecha ni a la izquierda hasta que hayamos pasado por su país”.

18Pero el rey de Edom respondió: “Se les prohíbe viajar por nuestro país, de lo contrario saldremos y los detendremos por la fuerza”.

19“Nos mantendremos en el camino principal”, insistieron los israelitas. “Si nosotros o nuestro ganado bebemos tu agua, te pagaremos por ella. Eso es todo lo que queremos, sólo pasar a pie”.

20Pero el rey de Edom insistió: “¡Tienen prohibido viajar por nuestro país!” Salió con su gran y poderoso ejército para enfrentarse a los israelitas de frente.

21Como el rey de Edom se negó a permitir que Israel viajara por su territorio, los israelitas tuvieron que volver.

22Todos los israelitas dejaron Cades y viajaron al Monte Hor.

23En el monte Hor, cerca de la frontera con el país de Edom, el Señor dijo a Moisés y Aarón,

24“Aarón pronto se unirá a sus antepasados en la muerte. No entrará en el país que he dado a los israelitas, porque ambos desobedecieron mi orden en las aguas de Meribá.

25Que Aarón y su hijo Eleazar se unan a ustedes y suban juntos al monte Hor.

26Quítale a Aarón la ropa de sacerdote y pónsela a su hijo Eleazar. Aarón va a morir allí y se unirá a sus antepasados en la muerte”.

27Moisés hizo lo que el Señor le ordenó: Subieron al monte Hor a la vista de todos los israelitas.

28Moisés se quitó las ropas sacerdotales que llevaba Aarón y se las puso a su hijo Eleazar. Aarón murió allí, en la cima del monte. Entonces Moisés y Eleazar volvieron a bajar.

29Cuando la gente se dio cuenta de que Aarón había muerto, todos lloraron por él durante treinta días.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Miriam dies at Kadesh. The people again complain about the lack of water, and Moses, frustrated, strikes the rock twice instead of simply speaking to it as God had commanded — which costs him entry into the promised land. Edom refuses passage to Israel, and Aaron dies on Mount Hor.

Explanation

This chapter marks the end of an era: the two figures who had walked with Moses since the beginning — his sister Miriam and his brother Aaron — die, and Moses himself receives the news that he too will not enter the promised land. Moses' error seems small at first glance (striking the rock instead of simply speaking to it), but God treats it with extreme seriousness because, in front of the whole people, Moses acted out of personal anger ('hear now, you rebels') and took credit for the miracle himself ('shall we bring you water out of this rock?'), publicly distorting the image of God as gracious provider. This teaches that spiritual leaders carry an extra responsibility for how they represent God's character before others, and that even small failures of attitude can have serious consequences when committed in a position of public influence.

Fun facts

  • The site of the incident was called Meribah ('quarrel' or 'strife'), the same name given to a similar episode decades earlier at Rephidim (Exodus 17:7), suggesting that the story of complaining about water repeated itself cyclically throughout the 40 years in the wilderness.
  • Aaron's death on Mount Hor, with the public transfer of the priestly garments to his son Eleazar before the whole congregation, established a visible and orderly model of priestly succession that would prevent leadership disputes like Korah's.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Números 20:1The chapter takes place near the end of the forty years: the people reach the wilderness of Zin, camp at Kadesh, and it is there that Miriam dies and is buried.
  2. Números 20:2With no water available for the whole people, the congregation turns once again against Moses and Aaron.
  3. Números 20:3The people argue openly with Moses, even saying they would rather have died along with those who already died before the Lord.
  4. Números 20:4They ask why Moses brought the congregation into that wilderness, as if the intention were to let everyone die there, people and animals alike.
  5. Números 20:5The complaint echoes others already seen in the book: why bring the people out of Egypt only to lead them to a bad place, with no crops and no water to drink.
  6. Números 20:6Moses and Aaron step away from the crowd, go to the entrance of the tent of the congregation, and fall face down, and the glory of the Lord appears before them.
  7. Números 20:7The Lord speaks to Moses, beginning the instruction that would solve the problem of the lack of water.
  8. Números 20:8God tells Moses simply to speak to the rock before the people so that it would give water, without needing to strike it. It is worth noting this specific instruction, because what Moses actually does in the next verse changes the situation completely.
  9. Números 20:9Moses takes the rod from before the Lord, exactly as he had been instructed.
  10. Números 20:10Moses and Aaron gather the people before the rock, and Moses, angry, calls them all rebels before doing anything else.
  11. Números 20:11Instead of simply speaking to the rock as God had commanded, Moses strikes it twice with the rod, and even so the water gushes out abundantly for the people and the animals to drink.
  12. Números 20:12Instead of just speaking to the rock as God had commanded, Moses strikes it twice with the rod, in a gesture of anger toward the people. Because he did not follow the exact instruction and acted that way in front of everyone, both Moses and Aaron are told they will not enter the promised land — the consequence falls on both leaders, even though Aaron never struck the rock.
  13. Números 20:13That place became known as the waters of Meribah, because there the people argued with the Lord, and He still showed Himself holy among them, giving the water in spite of everything.
  14. Números 20:14Moses sends messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom, calling the neighboring people “brother” and recalling all the hardship Israel had been through.
  15. Números 20:15The message recalls the people’s history in summary: the descent into Egypt, the many years spent there, and the mistreatment suffered from the Egyptians.
  16. Números 20:16The message goes on to say that God heard the people’s cry, sent an angel, and brought them out of Egypt, and that they were now right at the border of Edom’s territory.
  17. Números 20:17Israel’s request was simple and polite: to pass through the land of Edom without touching any fields or vineyards, or drinking water from the wells, following only the main road.
  18. Números 20:18Edom answers harshly: it refuses passage, threatening to come out against Israel with swords if they insist.
  19. Números 20:19Israel tries to negotiate again, even offering to pay for any water they drank, asking only to pass through on foot without causing any harm.
  20. Números 20:20Edom repeats its refusal and even reinforces the threat, coming out against Israel with a large and powerful army.
  21. Números 20:21Faced with this final refusal, Israel gives up pressing the matter and goes around Edom’s territory by another route.
  22. Números 20:22The people set out from Kadesh and arrive at Mount Hor, where the chapter’s next major event will take place.
  23. Números 20:23The Lord speaks to Moses and Aaron at Mount Hor, right on the border with Edom, beginning the announcement of Aaron’s death.
  24. Números 20:24God explains that Aaron will die there, without entering the promised land, because of the same rebellion at the waters of Meribah that also affected Moses.
  25. Números 20:25The practical instruction is to take Aaron and his son Eleazar together up to the top of Mount Hor.
  26. Números 20:26At the top, Moses was to strip Aaron of his priestly garments and put them on Eleazar, since Aaron would die there.
  27. Números 20:27Moses carries out this instruction exactly, going up the mountain with Aaron and Eleazar before the eyes of the whole people.
  28. Números 20:28At the top of Mount Hor, Moses strips Aaron of his priestly garments and puts them on Eleazar, his son, moments before Aaron dies there. This gesture symbolized the official transfer of the high priesthood to the next generation.
  29. Números 20:29On learning that Aaron had died, the whole house of Israel mourns his loss for thirty full days.

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