Jueces 11

VBL · Chapter 11/21

1Jeftéel gaaladita era un fuerte luchador. Era hijo de una prostituta, y su padre era Galaad.

2La mujer de Galaad le dio hijos, que cuando crecieron, echaron a Jefté, diciéndole: “No heredarás nada de nuestro padre porque eres hijo de otra mujer”.

3Jefté huyó de sus hermanos y se fue a vivir a la tierra de Tob. Se unió a él una banda de alborotadores y los dirigió en sus incursiones.

4Más tarde, los amonitas estaban en guerra con Israel.

5Mientras los amonitas atacaban a Israel, los ancianos de Galaad vinieron a buscar a Jefté a la tierra de Tob.

6“Ven y sé nuestro comandante del ejército”, le pidieron a Jefté, “para que podamos luchar contra los amonitas”.

7“¿No fueron ustedes los que me odiaron y me expulsaron de la casa de mi padre?” Jefté les preguntó: “¿Por qué vienen a mí ahora que están en problemas?” .

8“Sí, por eso hemos acudido a ti ahora”, le respondieron los ancianos de Galaad. “Ven con nosotros a luchar contra los amonitas, y serás el jefe de todo el pueblo de Galaad”.

9“Entonces, si vuelvo con ustedes y lucho contra los amonitas, y el Señor me hace victorioso, ¿seré su líder?” le preguntó Jefté a los ancianos de Galaad.

10“El Señor será testigo entre nosotros”, respondieron. “Haremos lo que tú digas”.

11Así que Jefté se fue con los ancianos de Galaad, y el pueblo lo nombró su líder y comandante del ejército. Y Jefté repitió todas sus condiciones ante el Señor en Mizpa.

12Entonces Jefté envió mensajeros al rey de los amonitas para preguntarle: “¿Qué tienes contra mí para que quieras atacar mi tierra?”

13El rey de los amonitas respondió a los mensajeros de Jefté: “Israel se apoderó de mi tierra cuando vino de Egipto. Se extendía desde el río Arnón hasta el río Jaboc, y hasta el río Jordán. Devuélvemela y no habrá combates”.

14Jefté envió mensajeros al rey de los amonitas

15para decirle: “Esta es la respuesta de Jefté: Los israelitas no tomaron ninguna tierra de Moab ni de los amonitas.

16Cuando salieron de Egipto, los israelitas atravesaron el desierto hasta el Mar Rojo y llegaron a Cades.

17Enviaron mensajeros al rey de Edom, diciendo: ‘Por favor, déjanos pasar por tu país’, pero el rey de Edom se negó a escuchar. También enviaron la misma petición al rey de Moab, y éste también se negó. Así que se quedaron en Cades.

18“Finalmente, los israelitas atravesaron el desierto, evitando las tierras de Edom y Moab. Llegaron al lado oriental de la tierra de Moab y acamparon al otro lado del río Arnón. Pero no entraron en el territorio de Moab, pues el río Arnón era su frontera.

19“Entonces los israelitas enviaron mensajeros a Sehón, rey de los amorreos, que gobernaba desde Hesbón, y le pidieron: ‘Por favor, déjanos pasar por tu tierra hasta nuestro propio país’.

20Pero Sehón no confiaba en que los israelitas pasaran por su territorio. Así que reunió a su ejército, acampó en Yahaza y atacó a los israelitas.

21Sin embargo, el Señor, el Dios de Israel, entregó a Sehón y a todo su pueblo a los israelitas, que los derrotaron. Así, los israelitas se apoderaron de toda la tierra habitada por los amorreos.

22Ocuparon todo el territorio de los amorreos desde el río Arnón hasta el río Jaboc, y desde el desierto hasta el río Jordán.

23“Fue el Señor, el Dios de Israel, quien expulsó a los amorreos delante de su pueblo Israel, así que ¿por qué has de apoderarte de ella?

24¿Por qué no se quedan ustedes con lo que les dio su dios Quemos, y nosotros nos quedamos con lo que nos ha dado el Señor, nuestro Dios?

25¿Te crees mucho mejor que Balac, hijo de Zipor, rey de Moab? ¿Acaso él se peleó con Israel o lo atacó?

26“Hace trescientos años que los israelitas viven en Hesbón, en Aroer, en sus aldeas y en todos los pueblos de la ribera del río Arnón. ¿Por qué no los hiciste regresar durante ese tiempo?

27Yo no he pecado contra ti, pero tú me has hecho mal al ir a la guerra contra mí. Que el Señor, el Juez, decida hoy entre los israelitas y los amonitas”.

28Pero el rey de Amón no prestó atención a lo que decía Jefté.

29Entonces el Espíritu del Señor vino sobre Jefté. Pasó por Galaad y Manasés, y luego por Mizpa de Galaad. Desde allí avanzó para atacar a los amonitas.

30Jefté hizo una promesa solemne al Señor, diciendo: “Si me haces victorioso sobre los amonitas,

31dedicaré al Señor todo lo que salga de la puerta de mi casa para recibirme a mi regreso seguro de la batalla. Lo presentaré como holocausto”.

32Jefté avanzó para atacar a los amonitas, y el Señor le dio la victoria sobre ellos.

33Los derrotó con contundencia, capturando veinte ciudades desde Aroer hasta los alrededores de Minit, hasta Abel-Queamín. Así fue como los amonitas fueron conquistados por los israelitas.

34Cuando Jefté llegó a su casa en Mizpa, su hija salió a recibirlo con panderetas y bailes. Era su única hija; no tenía ningún hijo ni hija aparte de ella.

35En cuanto la vio, se rasgó las vestiduras en agonía y gritó: “¡Oh, no, hija mía! ¡Me has aplastado por completo! Me has destruido, pues hice una promesa solemne al Señor y no puedo echarme atrás”.

36Ella respondió: “Padre, has hecho una promesa solemne al Señor. Haz conmigo lo que prometiste, porque el Señor trajo la venganza de tus enemigos, los amonitas”.

37Entonces ella le dijo: “Sólo déjame hacer esto: déjame caminar por las colinas durante dos meses con mis amigos y afligirme por el hecho de que nunca me casaré”.

38“Puedes irte”, le dijo él. La envió por dos meses, y ella y sus amigas se fueron al monte a llorar porque nunca se casaría.

39Cuando pasaron los dos meses, volvió a su padre, y él hizo con ella lo que había prometido, y quedó virgen. Este es el origen de la costumbre en Israel

40de que cada año las jóvenes de Israel salgan durante cuatro días a llorar en conmemoración de la hija de Jefté el Galaadita.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Jephthah, a son rejected for having a different mother, is called to lead against the Ammonites. He makes a rash vow that results in the tragic loss of his only daughter.

Explanation

Jephthah, driven from home by his half-brothers for being the son of a prostitute, becomes the leader of a band of outcasts before being called back by the very elders of Gilead in a time of need — a turnaround that shows how God can use people cast aside by society. Before the battle, he makes a rash vow to offer as a burnt offering whatever first comes out of his house when he returns victorious, never imagining it would be his own daughter. This painful episode has been debated by scholars for centuries — whether she was actually sacrificed or dedicated to perpetual virginity — but the text clearly presents the impulsive vow as a serious mistake on Jephthah's part, a timeless warning against making rash promises to God without considering the consequences.

Fun facts

  • The yearly custom of the daughters of Israel 'lamenting the daughter of Jephthah' for four days (v.40) suggests that the memory of this tragic episode became part of the people's cultural calendar for generations.
  • Jephthah's diplomatic speech to the king of Ammon (v.12-27), citing detailed territorial history from three hundred years earlier, is one of the most elaborate legal arguments in the entire Old Testament.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Jueces 11:1Jephthah is introduced right away as the son of a prostitute, the very reason his brothers later use to drive him out of the house and deny him his inheritance. A man rejected by his own family becomes, out of necessity, the leader Gilead needs in a time of war.
  2. Jueces 11:2Gilead’s wife also has sons, and when they grow up, they drive Jephthah out of the house, telling him he will inherit nothing, since he is the son of another woman.
  3. Jueces 11:3Jephthah flees from his own brothers and goes to live in the land of Tob, where a group of idle men gather around him and start following him.
  4. Jueces 11:4Some time later, the Ammonites go to war against Israel, and the old threat becomes real again.
  5. Jueces 11:5Faced with this war, the leaders of Gilead go to the land of Tob to fetch the very man they had driven out before.
  6. Jueces 11:6They ask Jephthah to be their leader in the fight against the Ammonites, now needing the very person they had once rejected.
  7. Jueces 11:7Jephthah answers with all his pent-up hurt: he asks why they are coming to him now, of all times, in their distress, after having hated him and driven him from his father’s house.
  8. Jueces 11:8The leaders insist, explaining that this is exactly why they have come back: they want him to fight with them and become head over all the people of Gilead.
  9. Jueces 11:9Jephthah proposes a deal: if he fights and the Lord gives him victory over the Ammonites, then he is to become their head in fact.
  10. Jueces 11:10The elders of Gilead agree, saying that the Lord Himself will be witness to the agreement between them.
  11. Jueces 11:11Jephthah accepts, the people make him head and captain over them, and he formally repeats before the Lord, at Mizpeh, everything that had been agreed.
  12. Jueces 11:12Jephthah sends messengers to the king of the Ammonites, asking why he is attacking the land of Israel.
  13. Jueces 11:13The Ammonite king answers that Israel took his land when it came up out of Egypt, from the Arnon to the Jabbok and the Jordan, and demands that land back peaceably.
  14. Jueces 11:14Jephthah is not satisfied with this answer and sends fresh messengers to the Ammonite king.
  15. Jueces 11:15Jephthah disputes the charge, insisting that Israel never took land from either Moab or the Ammonites.
  16. Jueces 11:16He explains the real route: when it came up out of Egypt, Israel walked through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh, without invading anyone else’s territory.
  17. Jueces 11:17Israel had asked for peaceful passage through the land of Edom and then through Moab, but both kings refused, so the people stayed put at Kadesh.
  18. Jueces 11:18After that, Israel went around the lands of Edom and Moab through the wilderness and camped on the other side of the Arnon, without actually entering Moabite territory, since the Arnon marked the border.
  19. Jueces 11:19Israel then asked passage from Sihon, the Amorite king of Heshbon, for the same reason as before.
  20. Jueces 11:20Sihon did not trust Israel; he gathered his people, camped at Jahaz, and attacked the Israelites instead of letting them pass through.
  21. Jueces 11:21The Lord delivered Sihon and all his people into Israel’s hand, and so the people took possession of all that Amorite land by right of conquest, not by invasion against the Ammonites.
  22. Jueces 11:22Jephthah spells out the borders of this conquered land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok, and from the wilderness to the Jordan.
  23. Jueces 11:23Jephthah concludes that it was the Lord who drove out the Amorites before Israel, so it makes no sense for the Ammonite king to lay claim to this land now.
  24. Jueces 11:24He turns the Ammonite king’s own logic against him: just as he would keep whatever his god Chemosh gave him, Israel keeps whatever the Lord has given it.
  25. Jueces 11:25Jephthah asks whether the Ammonite king thinks himself better than Balak, king of Moab, who never dared quarrel or fight against Israel over this same land.
  26. Jueces 11:26Jephthah points out that Israel has already lived three hundred years in Heshbon and its surrounding towns, and asks why the Ammonites never claimed this land before, if it really belonged to them.
  27. Jueces 11:27Jephthah declares that he has not sinned against the Ammonite king and hands the judgment over to the Lord Himself, asking Him to decide between Israel and Ammon.
  28. Jueces 11:28Despite all this argument, the Ammonite king pays no attention to Jephthah’s words, and war becomes unavoidable.
  29. Jueces 11:29The Spirit of the Lord comes upon Jephthah, and he passes through Gilead and Manasseh, crosses Mizpeh of Gilead, and moves on toward the Ammonites for battle.
  30. Jueces 11:30Before fighting, Jephthah makes a vow to the Lord: if He will give him victory over the Ammonites.
  31. Jueces 11:31Jephthah’s vow promises to offer up as a burnt offering whatever first comes out of his house to meet him when he returns victorious, probably expecting an animal, since it was common to keep livestock near the house. The text does not say whether he foresaw that it would be his own daughter.
  32. Jueces 11:32Jephthah advances against the Ammonites to fight, and the Lord delivers them into his hand.
  33. Jueces 11:33Jephthah inflicts a crushing defeat on the Ammonites, taking twenty cities from Aroer to Minnith, as far as the plain of the vineyards, completely subduing the enemy.
  34. Jueces 11:34Coming home to Mizpeh, Jephthah is met by his own daughter, who comes out dancing and playing a timbrel; she was his only child, with no brothers or sisters.
  35. Jueces 11:35When he sees his daughter coming out to meet him, Jephthah tears his clothes and says he cannot take back the word he gave the Lord. The account neither praises nor condemns this decision outright; it simply describes the anguish of a father bound by his own vow.
  36. Jueces 11:36His daughter answers her father’s anguish by telling him he must do to her exactly what he promised the Lord, since it was the Lord who gave him victory over the Ammonites.
  37. Jueces 11:37She asks only for a two-month period to go away into the mountains with her friends and weep over never having married.
  38. Jueces 11:38Jephthah agrees, and she goes with her friends to spend those two months weeping in the mountains.
  39. Jueces 11:39The text says that Jephthah did to her according to the vow he had made, without spelling out exactly what that act was. For this reason scholars have long disagreed over whether to read it as a literal human sacrifice or as the daughter being consecrated to a lifetime of perpetual virginity in service to the sanctuary.
  40. Jueces 11:40Because of this story, a custom arises in Israel: every year the young women go out for four days to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite.

Chapters

Our apps

Our apps →

Bible in Stories

The Bible told as a story, with audio and videos.

📱 Get the app

World in Stories

True stories of humanity that sound made up.

Feito! Pequenas Vitórias

A light daily routine for people who lose track of the day.