Deuteronomio 19

VBL · Chapter 19/34

1Después de que el Señor tu Dios haya destruido las naciones cuya tierra te da, y después de que las hayas expulsado y te hayas establecido en sus ciudades y casas,

2entonces debes elegir tres pueblos santuarios en el país que el Señor tu Dios te da como posesión.

3Debes construir caminos a estas ciudades. Divide el país en tres secciones. De esta manera, cualquiera que mate a alguien más puede fácilmente correr a estos pueblos para protegerse.

4Esto es lo que sucederá cuando una persona mate accidentalmente a alguien sin quererlo y corra a uno de estos pueblos santuarios para salvar su vida.

5Por ejemplo, si un hombre va a cortar madera en el bosque con su amigo y balancea su hacha para cortar un árbol, pero la cabeza se sale del mango y golpea y mata a su amigo, puede correr a uno de estos pueblos para salvar su vida.

6De lo contrario, el vengador en su ira podría perseguir al hombre y atraparlo y matarlo. El hombre sería asesinado, aunque no mereciera morir, porque lo hizo sin intención de causar daño alguno.

7Esta es la razón por la que doy esta orden de elegir tres ciudades santuario.

8Si el Señor tu Dios expande tu territorio, como prometió a tus antepasados, y te da toda la tierra que te prometió,

9y si te preocupas por cumplir todos estos mandamientos que te doy hoy, amando al Señor tu Dios y siguiendo siempre sus caminos, entonces debes elegir tres ciudades santuario adicionales.

10De esta manera, la sangre de los inocentes no será derramada en el país que el Señor tu Dios te da para que lo poseas y no serás responsable de la muerte de los inocentes que no son culpables de perder sus vidas.

11Por otra parte, si un hombre odia a alguien, se esconde a la espera, lo ataca y lo mata, y luego el asesino corre a una de las ciudades santuario,

12los ancianos de su ciudad natal deben mandarlo a buscar, traerlo de vuelta y entregarlo al vengador para que lo mate.

13No le muestren ninguna piedad. Debes eliminar de Israel la culpa de derramar la sangre de los inocentes, y entonces todo estará bien.

14No muevas los linderos de tu vecino. Fue colocado allí por tus antepasados para marcar la asignación de tierra que recibirás en el país que el Señor tu Dios te está dando como posesión.

15La evidencia dada por un solo testigo no es suficiente para probar un pecado o un crimen contra alguien, no importa qué ofensa se alega que haya cometido. Los hechos deben ser confirmados por la evidencia dada por dos o tres testigos.

16Si alguien acusa falsamente a otra persona de un delito,

17ambos implicados deben ser juzgados en presencia del Señor por los sacerdotes y jueces que estén entonces a cargo.

18Los jueces llevarán a cabo una investigación completa, y si el acusador resulta ser un mentiroso que ha hecho falsas acusaciones,

19entonces debe castigar al acusador de la misma manera en que ellos quisieron castigar a su víctima. Deben eliminar este mal de entre ustedes.

20Entonces el resto del pueblo oirá y tendrá miedo, y nunca más harán algo tan malo entre ustedes. Entonces todos los demás oirán y tendrán miedo, y no volverán a hacer nada semejante.

21No muestren ninguna misericordia. La regla es vida por vida, ojo por ojo, diente por diente, mano por mano y pie por pie.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Moses details the system of cities of refuge for unintentional manslaughter, the prohibition against moving property boundary markers, the requirement of two or three witnesses for conviction, and the mirrored punishment (lex talionis) for witnesses proven to be false.

Explanation

The cities of refuge, already mentioned in Numbers 35, are detailed again here with provision for future expansion (from three to six cities) should Israel's territory grow beyond what was initially promised, showing a legal system designed to grow with the nation. The prohibition against moving property boundary markers guarded against a specific, sneaky kind of theft — gradually stealing land through fraud at the borders, rather than obvious robbery — showing legal sensitivity to subtle forms of injustice. The requirement of multiple witnesses for any serious conviction, with mirrored punishment for anyone who lied ('then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother'), created a strong deterrent against false testimony, protecting the integrity of the whole judicial system against manipulation.

Fun facts

  • The principle of requiring 'two or three witnesses' (v. 15) is quoted directly by Jesus in Matthew 18:16 regarding discipline within the community of faith, and by Paul in 2 Corinthians 13:1 and 1 Timothy 5:19, showing its continued application beyond Israel's purely legal context.
  • The punishment of doing to the false witness exactly what he intended to do to the victim (v. 19) is a clear and less-cited example of the 'eye for an eye' principle being applied not to direct crimes, but specifically to the integrity of the justice system itself.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Deuteronomio 19:1It looks ahead to the conquest of the land and the distribution of the Canaanite cities as permanent housing for Israel.
  2. Deuteronomio 19:2It commands setting apart three cities of refuge within the territory, in addition to the three already designated on the east side of the Jordan.
  3. Deuteronomio 19:3It commands preparing good access to these cities, dividing the territory into three parts, so that anyone who killed unintentionally could reach one quickly.
  4. Deuteronomio 19:4It defines who has the right to refuge: only someone who killed another person unintentionally, by accident, with no prior hatred toward the victim.
  5. Deuteronomio 19:5The example of an axe head flying off the handle and killing someone by accident, while two friends are cutting wood together, is the concrete case the law uses to explain who has the right to flee to a city of refuge: someone who caused a death with no intent and no prior quarrel.
  6. Deuteronomio 19:6It explains the practical purpose of the cities: to keep the avenger of blood, overcome by rage, from killing an innocent man before a fair trial.
  7. Deuteronomio 19:7It repeats the direct command: three cities of refuge are to be set apart.
  8. Deuteronomio 19:8It anticipates the possibility of future territorial expansion, should God fulfill the promise to enlarge Israel’s borders.
  9. Deuteronomio 19:9It makes that expansion conditional on obedience to the commandments — and if it happened, three more cities of refuge were to be added.
  10. Deuteronomio 19:10The ultimate reason for so many cities of refuge is to keep innocent blood from being shed in the land God gave.
  11. Deuteronomio 19:11It already provides for the exception: whoever lies in wait and kills out of deliberate hatred has no right to refuge.
  12. Deuteronomio 19:12In that case of premeditated murder, the elders of the killer’s own city were to hand him over to the avenger of blood.
  13. Deuteronomio 19:13It calls for no pity or hesitation in that case: removing the guilt of innocent blood shed is what brings well-being to Israel.
  14. Deuteronomio 19:14Moving a neighbor’s boundary marker looks like a small crime next to the other laws in the chapter, but in practice it was stealing land without any apparent violence. That’s why it’s forbidden right alongside laws about homicide.
  15. Deuteronomio 19:15It establishes an important legal rule: no accusation stands on a single witness, at least two or three are required.
  16. Deuteronomio 19:16It introduces the case of the false witness, who rises up to accuse someone unjustly of a crime.
  17. Deuteronomio 19:17Both parties involved were to appear before the priests and judges to settle the dispute formally.
  18. Deuteronomio 19:18After a careful investigation, if it was proven that the witness had lied, the penalty would fall on him.
  19. Deuteronomio 19:19The penalty for false testimony is a mirror: the same punishment the victim would have suffered falls on the one who lied.
  20. Deuteronomio 19:20The purpose of this exemplary punishment is, once again, to deter the rest of the people from repeating that kind of crime.
  21. Deuteronomio 19:21“Eye for eye” is not an incentive to revenge, it’s the opposite: it limits the punishment to the same size as the offense, to keep a quarrel from turning into a chain of ever-growing vengeance between families.

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