Deuteronomio 17

VBL · Chapter 17/34

1No sacrifiques al Señor tu Dios ganado o una oveja que tenga un defecto grave, porque eso es ofensivo para el Señor tu Dios.

2Puede que exista un informe de que uno de ustedes, ya sea hombre o mujer, que vive en un pueblo que el Señor su Dios le dio, ha sido encontrado pecando a los ojos del Señor su Dios al romper el pacto del Señor.

3Esta persona ha hecho esto yendo a adorar a otros dioses, inclinándose ante ellos – o ante el sol, la luna o cualquiera de las estrellas del cielo – lo cual yo les he ordenado que no hagan.

4Si escuchas tal informe, necesitas hacer una investigación completa. Si se descubre que el informe es cierto, y que se ha cometido un pecado tan terrible en Israel,

5deben hacer que el hombre o la mujer que ha cometido este terrible acto sea expulsado del pueblo y apedreado hasta la muerte.

6Esa persona debe ser ejecutada basándose en las pruebas aportadas por dos o tres testigos. Nadie será ejecutado sobre la base de la evidencia dada por un solo testigo.

7Los testigos deben actuar primero en la ejecución de la persona, y luego el resto de los presentes. Deben eliminar el mal de entre ustedes.

8Si hay un caso ante el tribunal de su ciudad que sea demasiado problemático para resolverlo ustedes mismos, ya sea que la discusión sea sobre asesinato u homicidio, una decisión legal contra otra, o diferentes grados de asalto, deben traer el asunto al lugar que el Señor su Dios elija.

9Acudan a los sacerdotes, a los levitas y al juez encargado. Preséntenles el caso y ellos anunciarán su decisión.

10Deben acatar la decisión que les den allí, en el lugar que el Señor elija. Asegúrense de hacer todo lo que les digan,

11conforme a las instrucciones legales que les den y según el veredicto que ellos dicten. No te desvíes de tal decisión.

12Todo aquel que trate con desprecio al sacerdote (que ministra ante el Señor su Dios) o al juez, debe ser ejecutado. Debes eliminar este mal de Israel.

13Entonces todos los demás se enterarán y tendrán miedo, y no actuarán con desprecio en el futuro.

14Una vez que hayas entrado en la tierra que el Señor tu Dios te da, la hayas tomado y te hayas establecido en ella, y decidas: “Tengamos un rey que nos gobierne como lo hacen todas las demás naciones que nos rodean”,

15puedes tener un rey pero sólo uno elegido por el Señor tu Dios. Debe ser un israelita. No debes tener un rey que sea extranjero, alguien que no sea israelita.

16Tu rey no debe tener grandes cantidades de caballos, ni enviar a sus hombres a Egipto para comprar más caballos, porque el Señor ha declarado: “No debes volver allí nunca más”.

17No debe tener muchas esposas, para que no lo alejen del camino del Señor. No debe tener grandes cantidades de plata y oro.

18Una vez que sea rey y se siente en su trono real, debe hacer una copia para sí mismo de estas instrucciones, escribiéndolas en un pergamino en presencia de los sacerdotes levitas.

19Debe guardarlas con él, y debe leerlas cada día durante toda su vida, para que aprenda a respetar al Señor su Dios, teniendo cuidado de seguir cada palabra de estas instrucciones y normas.

20Entonces no pensará más en sí mismo que en sus compatriotas israelitas, y no se desviará de los mandamientos, para que él y sus hijos puedan tener un largo reinado sobre el reino de Israel.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Moses establishes judicial procedures for difficult cases, to be decided by priests and judges at a central tribunal, and presents the first law concerning Israel's monarchy — anticipating that the people would ask for a king, but limiting his power so that he would not accumulate excessive horses, wives, or wealth, and requiring him to copy and read the Law personally every day.

Explanation

It is remarkable that the Law foresees and regulates Israel's future monarchy centuries before it actually existed (it would only become reality with Saul, about 300 years later), showing a long-range prophetic vision of the nation's political structure. The specific limits placed on royal power — no excessive cavalry, no extensive harem, no disproportionate accumulated wealth — were aimed at preventing precisely the abuses of power common among kings of the ancient Near East, and would later be tragically violated by Solomon himself, generations afterward (1 Kings 11). The requirement that the king keep and personally read his own copy of the Law 'all the days of his life' established a revolutionary principle: even the highest ruler was subject to the same law that governed the common people, not above it.

Fun facts

  • The prophecy that Israel would ask for a king 'like as all the nations that are about me' (v. 14) would be fulfilled almost literally centuries later in 1 Samuel 8:5, when the people make that exact request to Samuel using very similar words.
  • The requirement that the king personally write out his own copy of the Law (v. 18) is one of the earliest biblical examples of constitutional limitation of political power through an accessible, binding written text — a remarkably advanced concept for its time.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Deuteronomio 17:1It repeats the quality requirement for sacrifices: no animal with a defect may be offered, because that would be an abomination to God.
  2. Deuteronomio 17:2It addresses the case of someone found practicing idolatry within one of the towns of Israel.
  3. Deuteronomio 17:3It details the kind of idolatry forbidden: serving other gods, or even worshiping the sun, the moon, and the stars — none of which God ever commanded.
  4. Deuteronomio 17:4Before any punishment, the report had to be carefully investigated to confirm whether it was really true.
  5. Deuteronomio 17:5Once the case was confirmed, the penalty was public stoning, carried out at the gates of the town.
  6. Deuteronomio 17:6Requiring two or three witnesses for a death sentence, never just one, is a rare procedural safeguard for the time: a single accusation, however serious, was not enough to take someone’s life.
  7. Deuteronomio 17:7Just as in chapter 13, the one who brings the accusation must be the first to carry out the penalty, followed by the rest of the people.
  8. Deuteronomio 17:8It provides for legal cases too complex for the local judges to settle, which were to be brought up to the central sanctuary.
  9. Deuteronomio 17:9There, the Levitical priests and the judge in office at the time would give the final ruling on the difficult case.
  10. Deuteronomio 17:10The ruling coming from the place God chose was to be followed exactly, without question.
  11. Deuteronomio 17:11It reinforces the duty to follow exactly what the priests and judges taught, turning aside neither to the right nor to the left.
  12. Deuteronomio 17:12Whoever arrogantly disobeyed that official ruling was to be condemned to death, as a way of purging that rebellion from among the people.
  13. Deuteronomio 17:13The purpose of this severe punishment is, once again, to serve as a public example to deter others from the same arrogance.
  14. Deuteronomio 17:14When the people would ask for a king, the law already limits his power in advance: he may not accumulate many horses, many wives, or much silver and gold. It’s a rare restriction for the time, written even before Israel had its first king.
  15. Deuteronomio 17:15If the people asked for a king, the condition was that he be chosen by God and come from among their own people, never a foreigner.
  16. Deuteronomio 17:16It limits the future king’s power: he is forbidden to accumulate many horses, especially if doing so meant sending people back to Egypt to get them.
  17. Deuteronomio 17:17It also forbids multiplying wives, because of the risk of turning the king’s heart away, and limits the excessive accumulation of silver and gold.
  18. Deuteronomio 17:18The king himself had to copy out the law by hand and read it every day: he was not above the law, but subject to it like any other Israelite, at least on paper.
  19. Deuteronomio 17:19Once he was king, he was to read this copy of the law every day, to learn to fear God and keep the commandments.
  20. Deuteronomio 17:20The purpose of the daily reading is to prevent arrogance and straying from the law, ensuring a long reign for him and his descendants.

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