Éxodo 11

VBL · Chapter 11/40

1El Señor le dijo a Moisés: “Hay una última plaga que derribaré sobre el Faraón y sobre Egipto. Después de eso os dejará marchar, pero cuando lo haga, os expulsará a todos del país.

2Ahora ve y dile a los israelitas, tanto hombres como mujeres, que pidan a sus vecinos egipcios objetos de plata y oro”.

3El Señor hizo que los egipcios miraran favorablemente a los israelitas. De hecho, el propio Moisés era muy respetado en Egipto tanto por los oficiales del Faraón como por la gente común.

4Moisés dijo: “Esto es lo que dice el Señor: Alrededor de la medianoche recorreré todo Egipto.

5Todo primogénito en la tierra de Egipto morirá, desde el primogénito del Faraón sentado en su trono hasta el primogénito de la sirvienta que trabaja con un molino de mano, así como todo primogénito del ganado.

6Habráfuertes gritos de luto en todo Egipto, como nunca antes se ha hecho, y nunca más se hará.

7Pero entre todos los israelitas ni siquiera el ladrar de un perro molestará a las personas o a sus animales. Así sabrán que el Señor distingue entre Egipto e Israel.

8Todos tus oficiales vendrán a mí, se inclinarán ante mí y me dirán: ‘¡Vete y llévate a todos tus seguidores!’ Después de eso me iré”. Moisés se enfadó mucho y se fue de la presencia del Faraón.

9El Señor le dijo a Moisés: “El Faraón se niega a escucharte para que pueda hacer más milagros en Egipto”.

10Moisés y Aarón hicieron estos milagros ante el Faraón, pero el Señor le dio al Faraón una actitud obstinada, y no dejó que los israelitas salieran de su país.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God announces to Moses the tenth and final plague: the death of every firstborn in Egypt at midnight, while the Israelites remain completely untouched, showing the difference between the two peoples.

Explanation

This brief but extremely dense chapter announces the climax of the entire confrontation between God and Pharaoh: the most terrible plague of all, which would finally break the Egyptian king's resistance. The precision with which God describes the reach of this plague — striking from Pharaoh's own son down to the son of the lowliest servant, and even the firstborn of the animals — shows that it would be no selective event, but universal throughout Egypt, except for those under God's specific protection. The statement 'that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel' (v. 7) sums up the central theological purpose of all the plagues: to reveal unmistakably who the one true God is. This chapter serves as a dramatic pause before the institution of the Passover in the following chapter, which will detail exactly how the Israelites would escape this final plague.

Fun facts

  • The expression 'not a dog move his tongue' (v. 7) is an ancient Hebrew idiom meaning that not even the slightest sign of disturbance would occur among the Israelites — a vivid image of complete peace amid the chaos that would fall upon the Egyptians.
  • This chapter functions as an advance summary of an event that will be narrated in much greater detail in the following chapter, a literary technique common in the Old Testament for briefly announcing a crucial event before describing it step by step.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Éxodo 11:1God had already told Moses, before the last audience with Pharaoh, that only one more plague remained — this one would result in Egypt driving them out in a hurry.
  2. Éxodo 11:2God directs the people to ask their Egyptian neighbors for valuables before leaving, fulfilling the promise already made to Moses back in chapter 3.
  3. Éxodo 11:3The text explains why this request would succeed: the Egyptians themselves, including Pharaoh’s own servants, already respected Moses and looked favorably on the Hebrew people.
  4. Éxodo 11:4Moses announces to Pharaoh, still in this same final conversation, the most specific detail of the plague to come: it will happen at midnight.
  5. Éxodo 11:5The phrase “behind the mill” describes the lowliest servant in the house, in charge of grinding grain by hand, hard and looked-down-on work. By saying the plague will strike everyone from Pharaoh’s firstborn to that of the poorest maidservant, the text shows that no one in Egypt will escape, from the top of society to the bottom.
  6. Éxodo 11:6The widespread cry described here foreshadows the Egyptians’ mass reaction to the death of the firstborn, told in detail in the next chapter.
  7. Éxodo 11:7The expression about the dog that will not “move his tongue” means that not even the smallest sign of commotion or barking will happen among the Hebrews. It is total silence, complete calm, quite unlike the chaos and screaming that will take over the Egyptian households that same night.
  8. Éxodo 11:8Moses predicts that Pharaoh’s advisers will beg for the people to leave after the final plague — and he leaves Pharaoh’s presence visibly angry.
  9. Éxodo 11:9God repeats to Moses that Pharaoh will not listen, returning to the theme of the hardened heart, precisely so that even more signs would happen in Egypt before the departure. It is an early summary of what is coming in the final plague, told in the next chapter.
  10. Éxodo 11:10The chapter closes summarizing the pattern of the whole confrontation: even faced with confirmed signs, Pharaoh never let the people go of his own free will.

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