Juan 12

VBL · Chapter 12/21

1Seis días antes de la Pascua, Jesús fue a Betania, al hogar de Lázaro, quien había sido levantado de los muertos.

2Había allí una cena preparada en su honor. Marta ayudaba a servir la comida mientras que Lázaro estaba sentado en la mesa con Jesús y con los demás invitados.

3María trajo medio litro de perfume de nardo puro y ungió los pies de Jesús, secándolos con su cabello. El aroma del perfume se esparció por toda la casa.

4Pero uno de los discípulos, Judas Iscariote, quien después traicionaría a Jesús, preguntó:

5“¿No era mejor vender este perfume y regalar el dinero a los pobres? El perfume costaba trescientos denarios”.

6Él no decía esto porque le interesaran los pobres, sino porque era un ladrón. Él era quien administraba el dinero de los discípulos y a menudo tomaba de ese dinero para sí mismo.

7“No la critiquen”, respondió Jesús. “Ella hizo esto como una preparación para el día de mi entierro.

8Ustedes siempre tendrán a los pobres aquí con ustedes, pero no siempre me tendrán a mí aquí”.

9Una gran multitud había descubierto que él estaba allí. Llegaron al lugar no solo para ver a Jesús sino porque querían ver a Lázaro, el hombre a quien Jesús había levantado de los muertos.

10Entonces los jefes de los sacerdotes planeaban matar a Lázaro también,

11pues era por él que muchos judíos ya no los seguían a ellos sino que estaban creyendo en Jesús.

12Al día siguiente, las multitudes de personas que habían venido a la fiesta de la Pascua escucharon que Jesús iba de camino hacia Jerusalén.

13Entonces cortaron ramas de palmeras y salieron a darle la bienvenida, gritando: “¡Hosanna! Bendito es el que viene en el nombre del Señor. Bendito es el rey de Israel”.

14Jesús encontró un potrillo y se montó sobre él, tal como dice la Escritura:

15“No temas, hija de Sión. Mira, tu rey viene, montado en un potrillo”.

16En ese momento, los discípulos de Jesús no entendían lo que significaban estas cosas. Fue después, cuando Jesús fue glorificado, que ellos entendieron que lo que había ocurrido ya había sido profetizado y se había aplicado a él.

17Muchos en la multitud habían visto a Jesús llamar a Lázaro de la tumba y levantarlo de los muertos, y estaban contando el hecho.

18Esa fue la razón por la que tantas personas fueron a conocer a Jesús—porque habían escuchado acerca de este milagro.

19Los fariseos se decían unos a otros: “Miren, no estamos logrando nada. Todos corren detrás de él”.

20Sucedió que unos griegos habían venido a adorar durante la fiesta.

21Ellos se acercaron a Felipe de Betsaida, de Galilea, y le dijeron: “Señor, quisiéramos ver a Jesús”.

22Felipe fue y le dijo a Andrés. Entonces ambos se acercaron a Jesús y le dijeron esto.

23Jesús respondió: “Ha llegado el momento para que el Hijo del hombre sea glorificado.

24Les digo la verdad: hasta que un grano de trigo no se plante en la tierra y muera, sigue siendo un grano. Pero si muere, produce muchos más granos de trigo.

25Si ustedes aman su propia vida, la perderán; pero si no aman su propia vida en este mundo, salvarán sus vidas para siempre.

26Si ustedes quieren servirme, tienen que seguirme. Mis siervos estarán donde yo esté, y mi Padre honrará a todo el que me sirva.

27“Ahora estoy atribulado. ¿Qué debo decir, ‘Padre, guárdame de este momento de sufrimiento que está por venir’? No, porque esta es la razón por la cual vine—para vivir este momento de sufrimiento.

28Padre, muéstrame la gloria de tu carácter”.

29La multitud que estaba allí en pie escuchó la voz. Algunos decían que era un trueno; otros decían que un ángel le había hablado.

30Jesús les dijo: “Esta voz no habló por mí, sino por causa de ustedes.

31Ahora es el juicio de este mundo; ahora el príncipe de este mundo será lanzado fuera.

32Pero cuando yo sea levantado, a todos atraeré hacia mí”.

33(Él dijo esto para señalar el tipo de muerte que iba a sufrir).

34La multitud respondió: “la Ley nos dice que el Mesías vivirá para siempre, ¿cómo puedes decir tú que el Hijo del hombre debe ser ‘levantado’? ¿Quién es este ‘Hijo del hombre’?”

35Jesús respondió: “La luz está aquí con ustedes un poco más. Caminen mientras tienen la luz para que la oscuridad no los sorprenda. Los que caminan en la oscuridad no saben hacia dónde van.

36Confíen en la luz mientras la tienen para que sean hijos de la luz”. Cuando Jesús terminó de decirles esto, se fue y se ocultó de ellos.

37Pero a pesar de todos los milagros que él había hecho en presencia de ellos, aún no creían en Jesús.

38Esto era en cumplimiento del mensaje del profeta Isaías, quien dijo: “Señor, ¿quién ha creído en lo que hemos dicho? ¿A quién le ha sido revelado el poder del Señor?”

39Ellos no podían creer en él, y como consecuencia, cumplieron lo que Isaías dijo:

40“Él cegó sus ojos, y oscureció sus mentes a fin de que sus ojos no vieran, y sus mentes no pensaran, y no se volvieran a mí—porque si lo hacían, yo los sanaría”.

41Isaías vio la gloria de Jesús y dijo esto en referencia a él.

42Incluso muchos de los líderes creían en él. Sin embargo, no lo admitían abiertamente porque no querían que los fariseos los expulsaran de la sinagoga,

43demostrando que amaban la admiración humana más que la aprobación de Dios.

44Jesús dijo a gran voz: “Si creen en mí, no solamente están creyendo en mí sino también en Aquél que me envió.

45Cuando me ven a mí, están viendo al que me envió.

46He venido como una luz que ilumina al mundo, así que si creen en mí no permanecerán en la oscuridad.

47Yo no juzgo a ninguno que escucha mis palabras y no hace lo que yo digo. Yo vine a salvar al mundo, no a juzgarlo.

48Cualquiera que me rechaza y no acepta mis palabras, será juzgado en el juicio final, conforme a lo que he dicho.

49Porque no estoy hablando por mí mismo sino por mi Padre que me envió. Él fue quien me instruyó en cuanto a lo que debo decir y cómo lo debo decir.

50Yo sé que lo que Él me ordenó que les dijera, trae vida eterna—Así que todo lo que yo digo es lo que el Padre me dijo a mí”.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Mary anoints Jesus' feet with expensive perfume in Bethany. Jesus enters Jerusalem triumphantly on a young donkey, fulfilling prophecy, and teaches about his approaching death using the image of the grain of wheat that must die to bear fruit.

Explanation

Mary's gesture of anointing Jesus' feet with a costly perfume expresses extravagant devotion, contrasting with Judas' hypocritical criticism, whose real motive was stealing from the group's money. The triumphal entry into Jerusalem fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9 about a gentle king riding on a young donkey, contrasting with expectations of a warrior messiah. The image of the grain of wheat that must die to bear much fruit (v.24) explains the redemptive purpose of Jesus' death, which produces eternal spiritual fruit. The application today is that true spiritual greatness sometimes requires apparent loss or sacrifice before it produces a multiplication of good.

Fun facts

  • The pure nard perfume used by Mary (v.3), valued at 'three hundred denarii'—nearly a year's wages for a worker—was imported from India, making the gesture even more significant in terms of financial sacrifice.
  • The quotation of Isaiah's prophecy about the hardening of the people's hearts (v.39-40) is used by John to theologically explain why, despite so many signs, many still did not believe in Jesus—a theme later taken up by Paul in Romans 11 regarding Israel's partial unbelief.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Juan 12:1Jesus returns to Bethany, where He had raised Lazarus, now counting six days before Passover — the gospel begins tracking closely the final days before Jesus’ death.
  2. Juan 12:2The scene shows ordinary family life: Martha serves dinner, and Lazarus, the same man who had died and been raised, sits right there at the table like any other guest.
  3. Juan 12:3A pound was a unit of weight of about 327 grams, and spikenard was a perfumed oil imported from far away, which made it a luxury item. The amount Mary uses, and the fact that it was pure, without cheaper additives, shows it was an extremely expensive gift, not just any gesture.
  4. Juan 12:4The narrator identifies who complains about the costly perfume: Judas Iscariot, the very disciple who would later betray Jesus.
  5. Juan 12:5A penny was a day’s wage for common labor, so three hundred pence amounted to almost a year’s salary — the value of the perfume Mary pours on Jesus’ feet. It’s this enormous value that makes Judas’ comment right after carry more weight than it seems at first reading.
  6. Juan 12:6It explains the real reason behind Judas’ complaint: it wasn’t genuine concern for the poor — he was in charge of the group’s money and used to steal from it.
  7. Juan 12:7Jesus defends Mary’s gesture, saying she kept it for the day of His burial — it was customary to anoint bodies with perfumes before burial, and Jesus’ own burial, later on, will happen in a hurry.
  8. Juan 12:8Jesus acknowledges the importance of caring for the poor, who are always present, but points out that His time there with them is limited, which justifies this unique gesture at that moment.
  9. Juan 12:9The curiosity isn’t only about Jesus: many people also go to Bethany to see Lazarus up close, the living proof of such a great miracle.
  10. Juan 12:10In light of this, the chief priests decide they need to kill Lazarus too, not just Jesus — eliminating the living evidence of the miracle.
  11. Juan 12:11It explains the reason for this plot against Lazarus: many Jews were leaving the traditional religious leadership and coming to believe in Jesus because of him.
  12. Juan 12:12The next day, a great crowd that had come for the Passover feast hears that Jesus is arriving in Jerusalem — the start of the triumphal entry scene.
  13. Juan 12:13‘Hosanna’ is a Hebrew word that originally meant a cry for help, used in ancient prayers, but by that time it already functioned more as a shout of celebration. Waving palm branches was a gesture of celebration used in triumphal entries and Jewish feasts — the two details together show the crowd welcoming Jesus the way one welcomes a king.
  14. Juan 12:14Jesus chooses to ride a young donkey, a humble animal, deliberately fulfilling an ancient prophecy quoted in the next verse, instead of entering like a military conqueror mounted on a horse.
  15. Juan 12:15The quotation comes from the prophet Zechariah: a king who arrives riding on a donkey, an image associated with peace, quite different from the triumphal entry of a victorious general.
  16. Juan 12:16The narrator admits that the disciples only understood this connection to the prophecy afterward, once Jesus had already been glorified through the resurrection — a pattern of delayed understanding that repeats throughout the gospel.
  17. Juan 12:17The crowd that had witnessed the raising of Lazarus kept spreading the account, fueling popular enthusiasm around Jesus.
  18. Juan 12:18It’s precisely because of the fame of this sign that so many people go out to welcome Him with celebration at His entrance into Jerusalem.
  19. Juan 12:19The Pharisees admit, frustrated among themselves, that their attempts to contain Jesus aren’t working: the whole world seems to be following after Him.
  20. Juan 12:20There were Greeks, probably Gentiles who followed part of the Jewish religion, present among the pilgrims who had gone up to worship at the feast — a sign that interest in Jesus already reached beyond the borders of the Jewish people.
  21. Juan 12:21These Greeks seek out Philip in particular, perhaps because he had a Greek name and came from Bethsaida, a region closer to Hellenistic influence, asking to see Jesus.
  22. Juan 12:22The request passes through a chain of people: Philip tells Andrew, and only then do the two of them together bring the information to Jesus.
  23. Juan 12:23Jesus responds in a significant way: now, for the first time in the gospel, He declares that the hour of His glorification has come, after saying several times before that it had not yet arrived.
  24. Juan 12:24Jesus uses a simple observation from farming: a kernel of wheat kept in storage remains just a single kernel, but if it’s planted, a plant full of new kernels grows from it. It’s an image for speaking of His own death, which, according to the text, would produce something greater than if He had simply stayed alive without dying.
  25. Juan 12:25He continues the idea of the wheat kernel from the previous verse: clinging too tightly to one’s own life ends up losing it, while letting go of it for Jesus’ sake secures a life that never ends.
  26. Juan 12:26Jesus ties serving Him to following Him, including on the road toward death, promising that the Father will honor whoever does this.
  27. Juan 12:27Jesus reveals His anguish in the face of the approaching death, a scene similar to the prayer in Gethsemane found in the other gospels, but which John tells in a different way, here in public.
  28. Juan 12:28Even troubled, Jesus chooses to ask that the Father’s name be glorified, and receives a direct answer from heaven — one of the few moments in the gospels where God’s voice is heard audibly.
  29. Juan 12:29The crowd reacts differently on hearing this voice: some think it was just thunder, others think an angel spoke — not everyone recognizes what really happened.
  30. Juan 12:30Jesus explains that the voice didn’t come to confirm something He already knew, but to help the surrounding crowd believe.
  31. Juan 12:31Jesus describes the deeper meaning of the cross that lies ahead: a judgment on the world and the defeat of the ‘prince of this world,’ a reference to Satan.
  32. Juan 12:32‘Lifted up from the earth’ is an expression Jesus had already used before in reference to the crucifixion; here He connects it to drawing people from everywhere, not just from the Jewish people, tying back to the Greeks’ interest at the start of the chapter.
  33. Juan 12:33The narrator clarifies directly that this expression, ‘lifted up,’ was a way of announcing in advance the specific kind of death Jesus was going to suffer: crucifixion.
  34. Juan 12:34The crowd is confused because their expectation, based on the law, was of a Messiah who would reign forever, not one who would die — they can’t reconcile the two ideas.
  35. Juan 12:35Instead of answering directly, Jesus urges them to make the most of the time they still have with Him, compared to light, before darkness overtakes them and they lose their way.
  36. Juan 12:36He finishes by asking them to believe in the light while they still can, and then withdraws and hides Himself — this marks the end of Jesus’ public ministry as told by John; from here on He teaches only His disciples.
  37. Juan 12:37Despite so many signs done in front of everyone, most still didn’t believe — a sad summary of the overall result of Jesus’ public ministry.
  38. Juan 12:38The narrator ties this rejection to an ancient prophecy of Isaiah, about a messenger whose message would not be accepted by most — placing Jesus’ rejection within a pattern already foretold in the Scriptures.
  39. Juan 12:39He continues explaining why they couldn’t believe, quoting another passage from Isaiah right after, about a spiritual blindness that prevented understanding.
  40. Juan 12:40This statement is a quotation from the prophet Isaiah, written centuries earlier, about a people who hear and see but don’t truly let the message in. John uses this ancient quotation to explain why so many people saw the signs Jesus performed and still didn’t believe, not as some fate imposed from outside, but as something Scripture itself had already described.
  41. Juan 12:41A striking comment: the narrator states that Isaiah, in having that vision of God’s glory recorded in his own book, was in fact seeing and speaking about Jesus.
  42. Juan 12:42Even with all this general rejection, many important religious leaders believed in Jesus secretly, afraid of being put out of the synagogue by the Pharisees if they declared it openly.
  43. Juan 12:43It explains the reason for this hidden faith: they valued the approval of others more than the approval of God.
  44. Juan 12:44Closing His public ministry, Jesus makes one last appeal in a loud voice, repeating that believing in Him is, in practice, believing in the One who sent Him.
  45. Juan 12:45He reinforces the same idea of unity: seeing Jesus is, in fact, seeing the very God who sent Him.
  46. Juan 12:46Jesus sums up His purpose using the image of light once again: He came so that whoever believed in Him would not remain trapped in darkness.
  47. Juan 12:47He clarifies that His mission in this first coming isn’t to judge those who reject His word, but to save — judgment is reserved for later.
  48. Juan 12:48Even without judging now, Jesus warns that rejection doesn’t go without consequence: His own word will serve as judgment on the last day.
  49. Juan 12:49Jesus reinforces, in this final discourse, that He never spoke on His own authority: everything He said came from a specific command from the Father who sent Him.
  50. Juan 12:50He closes His public ministry declaring that the Father’s commandment leads to eternal life, and that everything He says is exactly what the Father taught Him to say.

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