1 Samuel 1

VBL · Chapter 1/31

1Había una vez un hombre de Ramataim de Zofim, en la región montañosa de Efraín. Su nombre era Elcana, hijo de Jeroham, hijo de Eliú, hijo de Tohu, hijo de Zuf, de la tribu de Efraín.

2Elcana tenía dos esposas. El nombre de la primera esposa era Ana, y el de la segunda, Penina. Penina tenía hijos, pero Ana no tenía ninguno.

3Todos los años Elcana salía de su ciudad y se iba a adorar y sacrificar al Señor Todopoderoso en Silo, donde los dos hijos de Elí, Ofni y Finees, eran los sacerdotes del Señor.

4Cada vez que Elcana ofrecía un sacrificio, daba porciones del mismo a Penina, su esposa, y a todos sus hijos e hijas.

5Y le daba una porción extra a Ana, para mostrar su amor por ella aunque el Señor no le había dado ningún hijo.

6Su rival – la otra esposa – se burlaba de ella para entristecerla porque el Señor no le había dado hijos.

7Esta situación duró años, y cada vez que Ana iba al Templo del Señor, Penina se burlaba de ella hasta que Ana lloraba y no podía comer.

8Su esposo le preguntaba: “Ana, ¿por qué lloras? ¿Por qué no comes? ¿Por qué estás tan alterada? ¿No soy mejor para ti que diez hijos?”

9En cierta ocasión, después haber comido y bebido en Silo, Ana se levantó y se dirigió al Templo. El sacerdote Elí estaba sentado en su silla junto a la entrada del Templo del Señor.

10Ana estaba terriblemente disgustada, y le oraba al Señor mientras lloraba inconsolablemente.

11Allí hizo un voto, pidiendo: “Señor Todopoderoso, si tan sólo te fijas en el sufrimiento de tu sierva y te acuerdas de mí, y no me olvidas, sino que me das un hijo, lo dedicaré al Señor durante toda su vida, y ninguna navaja de afeitar tocará su cabeza”.

12Mientras Ana seguía orando ante el Señor, Elí observaba su boca.

13Ana oraba mentalmente, y aunque sus labios se movían, su voz no producía ningún sonido, y por eso Elí pensó que debía estar ebria.

14“¿Tienes que venir aquí estando ebria?” , le preguntó. “¡Ya deja el vino!”

15“No es eso, mi señor”, le respondió Ana. “Soy una mujer muy desdichada. No he estado bebiendo vino ni cerveza; sólo estoy derramando mi corazón ante el Señor.

16¡Por favor, no pienses que soy una mala mujer! He estado orando a causa de todos mis problemas y penas”.

17“Ve en paz, y que el Dios de Israel te conceda lo que le has pedido”, respondió Elí.

18“Gracias por tu bondad con tu sierva”, dijo ella. Luego siguió su camino, comió algo y ya no se veía triste.

19A la mañana siguiente, Elcana y Ana se levantaron temprano para adorar al Señor y luego se fueron a su casa en Ramá. Elcana hizo el amor con su esposa Ana, y el Señor accedió a su petición.

20A su debido tiempo, Ana quedó embarazada y dio a luz un hijo. Le puso el nombre de Samuel, diciendo: “Porque se lo pedí al Señor”.

21Elcana y toda su familia fueron a hacer el sacrificio anual al Señor y a cumplir sus votos.

22Pero Ana no fue. Le dijo a su marido: “Una vez destetado el niño, lo llevaré para presentarlo al Señor y que se quede allí para siempre”.

23“Haz lo que creas conveniente”, le respondió su marido Elcana. “Quédate aquí hasta que lo hayas destetado, y que el Señor cumpla lo que ha dicho”. Así que Ana se quedó y amamantó a su hijo hasta que lo destetó.

24Cuando hubo destetado al niño, Ana se lo llevó junto con un novillo de tres años, un efa de harina y un odre con vino. Aunque el niño era pequeño, lo llevó al Templo del Señor en Silo.

25Después de sacrificar el novillo, presentaron el niño a Elí.

26“Por favor, mi señor”, dijo Ana, “con toda seguridad, mi señor, yo soy la mujer que estuvo aquí con usted orando al Señor.

27Yo oré por este niño, y como el Señor me ha dado lo que le pedí,

28ahora se lo entrego al Señor. Mientras viva estará dedicado al Señor”. Entonces adoró al Señor en ese lugar.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Hannah, the barren wife of Elkanah, prays in anguish for a son and vows to dedicate him to the Lord. God answers her prayer, and she gives birth to Samuel, who after being weaned is brought to the temple to serve.

Explanation

Hannah faces a double sorrow: barrenness in a culture that deeply valued having children, and the constant taunting of Peninnah, Elkanah's other wife, who had children and provoked her. Her silent prayer, so intense that the priest Eli mistakes her for being drunk, reveals a kind of faith that does not depend on public display to be genuine. Hannah's vow to give her son back to the Lord's service, fulfilled literally when she brings young Samuel, still a child, to live at the temple, illustrates a central principle of faith: recognizing that the gifts we receive from God ultimately belong to Him.

Fun facts

  • The name Samuel is explained in the text itself as meaning 'asked of the Lord,' though phonetically it is closer to 'heard by God' (Shama-El) in Hebrew.
  • Shiloh, where Hannah prayed and where Samuel served, was the site of the tabernacle before the temple was built in Jerusalem, functioning as Israel's central religious hub throughout the period of the judges.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 1 Samuel 1:1Elkanah is called an Ephrathite here, a resident of the hill country of Ephraim — but the full genealogy in 1 Chronicles 6 shows he was actually a Levite. Levites had no territory of their own and lived scattered among the other tribes.
  2. 1 Samuel 1:2Having two wives was common in that era, but the text already hands us the story’s conflict: Hannah had no children, which in that culture carried the weight of public shame and uncertainty about the family’s future.
  3. 1 Samuel 1:3Hophni and Phinehas, mentioned here in passing as priests at Shiloh, will later be at the center of the corruption scandal that brings down the house of Eli — the text plants their names before telling their story.
  4. 1 Samuel 1:4Handing out portions of the sacrificed meat to the family was a normal part of the feast at Shiloh: the sacred meal was shared among everyone present after the offering to God.
  5. 1 Samuel 1:5Elkanah gave Hannah a special portion — a sign of his affection for her even without children — but that did not ease the pain of being barren in a culture where bearing children defined a woman’s social worth.
  6. 1 Samuel 1:6Her “adversary” is Peninnah, Elkanah’s other wife: she provoked Hannah on purpose, year after year, precisely because of her barrenness.
  7. 1 Samuel 1:7Peninnah’s taunting repeated every time the family went up to Shiloh — turning the annual pilgrimage, which should have been joyful, into a recurring ordeal for Hannah.
  8. 1 Samuel 1:8Elkanah’s question tries to comfort Hannah, but it shows he does not grasp the depth of her pain: in a culture where bearing children (especially sons) defined a woman, his love could not fill that social void.
  9. 1 Samuel 1:9The “temple of the Lord” at Shiloh was not yet the stone temple Solomon would later build — it was a sanctuary with a fixed structure and doors (see 3:15), built around the tent that housed the ark.
  10. 1 Samuel 1:10Hannah’s silent, prolonged weeping here sets up the next scene: praying without making a sound, she will be mistaken by Eli for a drunken woman.
  11. 1 Samuel 1:11Hannah vows that if she has a son, he will be a Nazirite — the vow “there shall no razor come upon his head” meant he would never cut his hair, never drink wine, and never touch a corpse, a sign of total consecration to God. Samson, and later John the Baptist, followed similar vows. Hannah is offering her son before he is even born.
  12. 1 Samuel 1:12Hannah prays for so long that she catches Eli’s attention — personal, silent prayers like this were not the norm for public worship at Shiloh, which was built on sacrifices and rituals spoken aloud.
  13. 1 Samuel 1:13Moving her lips without making a sound was strange enough for Eli to wrongly conclude that Hannah was drunk — praying silently inside the sanctuary was not the norm in that era.
  14. 1 Samuel 1:14Eli rebukes Hannah, thinking she is drunk, telling her to “put away” her wine — a misunderstanding that is only cleared up after she explains herself.
  15. 1 Samuel 1:15Hannah explains that she has drunk nothing; to have “poured out my soul before the Lord” was a way of saying she was telling God, with no filter, all the anguish she felt.
  16. 1 Samuel 1:16“A daughter of Belial” was a way of saying a worthless or contemptible woman — the same term (“sons of Belial”) returns in the next chapter to describe Eli’s own corrupt sons.
  17. 1 Samuel 1:17Convinced by Hannah’s explanation, Eli shifts from rebuke to blessing, asking that God grant her petition — without yet knowing what that petition was.
  18. 1 Samuel 1:18Hannah’s countenance changes even before she knows whether she will have a son — she eats and moves on in peace simply for having prayed, a sign that she already trusted God had heard her, whatever the answer.
  19. 1 Samuel 1:19“Elkanah knew Hannah his wife” is the polite Hebrew way of speaking of the marital relationship — the text links that very night directly to Samuel’s conception, the answer to the prayer made at Shiloh.
  20. 1 Samuel 1:20The name Samuel sounds in Hebrew like asked of God or heard by God — a wordplay with the phrase Hannah repeats, saying she asked this son of the Lord. Giving names that told the story of a birth was common at the time.
  21. 1 Samuel 1:21Elkanah goes up to Shiloh for the yearly sacrifice and also to fulfill “his vow” — suggesting he himself had made a commitment to God alongside Hannah, even though the original vow had been hers.
  22. 1 Samuel 1:22Hannah stays home instead of going up with the family: she will only bring the boy to Shiloh once he is weaned, to fulfill her vow to give him there “for ever.”
  23. 1 Samuel 1:23Elkanah agrees to Hannah’s plan, asking only that “the Lord establish his word” — a hope that the vow would be fulfilled and everything would go well with the child.
  24. 1 Samuel 1:24Three bulls, a measure of flour, and a skin of wine make up a complete offering: meat for the sacrifice, grain for the meal offering, and wine for the drink offering. Bringing all this when the child was weaned (around age two or three, later than today) shows Hannah kept her vow as soon as the boy no longer depended on her to survive.
  25. 1 Samuel 1:25Slaughtering the bull was the first step of the thanksgiving sacrifice the family offered as they brought Samuel to Eli, fulfilling what Hannah had promised.
  26. 1 Samuel 1:26Hannah reminds Eli who she is: the same woman he saw praying there years before, whom he mistook for a drunk — now she returns to show the result of that prayer.
  27. 1 Samuel 1:27Hannah repeats, almost word for word, the request she made in the previous chapter — making it clear that Samuel is exactly the answer to that specific prayer.
  28. 1 Samuel 1:28“I have lent him to the Lord... as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord” is a wordplay on the name Samuel: the son asked of God is now given back to God, fulfilling the vow completely.

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