Daniel 7

VBL · Chapter 7/12

1En el primer año del reinado de Belsasar como rey de Babilonia, Daniel tuvo un sueño en el que pasaban visiones por su mente mientras estaba acostado. Después escribió el sueño, describiéndolo en forma resumida.

2En la visión que tuve aquella noche, vi una tremenda tormenta que soplaba desde todas las direcciones, agitando un gran mar.

3Cuatro bestias muy grandes subían del mar, cada una de ellas diferente.

4La primera era como un león y tenía alas de águila. Mientras miraba, le arrancaron las alas y la pusieron en pie, de modo que estaba de pie con las patas traseras en el suelo, y se le dio la mente de un ser humano.

5Apareció una segunda bestia, con aspecto de oso, encorvada de un lado y sujetando con los dientes tres costillas en la boca. Se le dijo: “Levántate y come toda la carne que puedas”.

6Después de esto vi una tercera bestia. Parecía un leopardo con cuatro alas como las de un pájaro en su espalda, y tenía cuatro cabezas. Se le dio poder para imponer su dominio.

7Luego, en la visión que tuve esa noche, apareció una cuarta bestia. Era aterradora, espantosa y extremadamente poderosa, con grandes dientes de hierro. Destrozaba y devoraba a sus víctimas, y luego pisoteaba lo que quedaba. Esta bestia era diferente a las anteriores, y tenía diez cuernos.

8Mientras me preguntaba por los cuernos, otro cuerno, uno pequeño, surgió entre ellos y tres de los cuernos anteriores fueron arrancados ante él. Tenía ojos de aspecto humano y una boca que hacía alardes arrogantes.

9Mientras yo observaba, se colocaron tronos y el Anciano de los Días tomó asiento. Sus ropas eran blancas como la nieve y sus cabellos parecían la lana más pura. Su trono ardía como las llamas; sus ruedas, como el fuego ardiente.

10Un torrente de fuego brotaba ante él. Miles de personas acudieron a él; diez mil veces diez mil estuvieron de pie ante él. El tribunal se sentó para comenzar su juicio, y se abrieron los libros.

11Yo vigilaba por los alardes que hacía el cuerno pequeño. Seguí observando hasta que esa bestia fue muerta y su cuerpo destruido por la quema.

12Al resto de las bestias se les permitió seguir viviendo por una temporada y un tiempo, pero se les quitó el poder de gobernar.

13Mientras seguía observando en mi visión que tuve aquella noche, vi a uno como un hijo de hombre que venía con las nubes del cielo. Se acercó al Anciano de los Días y fue conducido a su presencia.

14Se le dio autoridad, gloria y el poder de gobernar sobre todos los pueblos, las diferentes naciones y lenguas, para que todos lo adoraran. Su gobierno es eterno, nunca cesará, y su reino nunca será destruido.

15Yo, Daniel, estaba profundamente perturbado; las visiones que habían pasado por mi mente me asustaban.

16Me acerqué a uno de los asistentes y le pedí que me explicara qué significaba todo esto. Dijo que lo explicaría para que pudiera entenderlo.

17“Estas cuatro grandes bestias simbolizan cuatro reinos que ascenderán al poder en la tierra.

18Pero los consagrados al Altísimo recibirán finalmente el reino. Ellos poseerán el reino para siempre, por los siglos de los siglos”.

19Entonces quise saber qué representaba la cuarta bestia, la que era diferente a las demás y tan aterradora. Tenía dientes de hierro y garras de bronce, y destrozaba y devoraba a sus víctimas, pisoteando lo que quedaba.

20También quería saber sobre los diez cuernos que tenía en la cabeza, y sobre el otro que surgió después, haciendo caer tres de los otros cuernos. Este cuerno parecía más impresionante que los otros y tenía ojos y una boca que hacía alardes arrogantes.

21Observé cómo este cuerno atacaba al pueblo consagrado de Dios y lo conquistaba,

22hasta que vino el Anciano de los Días y dictó sentencia a favor de el pueblo dedicado del Altísimo, y en ese momento tomaron posesión del reino.

23Entonces me dijo: “La cuarta bestia representa el cuarto reino que gobernará la tierra. Será diferente a todos los demás reinos. La bestia se comerá el mundo entero, lo pisoteará y lo aplastará.

24Los diez cuernos son diez reyes que llegarán al poder de este reino. El que viene después es diferente a ellos, y derrotará a tres de ellos.

25Hablará palabras de desafío contra el Altísimo y oprimirá al pueblo consagrado del Altísimo, e intentará cambiar los tiempos y las leyes, y serán puestos bajo su poder por un tiempo, dos tiempos y medio tiempo.

26“Entonces el tribunal ejecutará el juicio y quitará su poder, destruyéndolo para siempre.

27Entonces el derecho a gobernar, el poder y la grandeza de todos los reinos bajo el cielo serán entregados a los consagrados al Altísimo. Su reino durará para siempre, y todos los que gobiernan le servirán y obedecerán”.

28Este es el final del resumen. En cuanto a mí, Daniel, mis pensamientos me perturbaron mucho y mi rostro palideció, pero me lo guardé todo para mí.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Daniel has a vision of four great beasts rising from the sea, representing four successive empires, culminating in a small horn that blasphemes, until the 'Ancient of Days' judges and gives the eternal kingdom to 'one like a son of man.'

Explanation

This vision, which occurred decades before the events of chapter 5 in actual chronological order (though placed here in the book's structure), picks up and expands the sequence of empires already seen in the statue of chapter 2, but now with more dramatic and symbolic details using wild beasts. The 'Ancient of Days,' with garments white as snow, represents God on his throne of eternal judgment, while the figure of 'one like a son of man' coming with the clouds and receiving everlasting dominion is one of the most important messianic prophecies of the Old Testament, a title Jesus would repeatedly claim for himself in the Gospels. The fourth beast, more terrible than the others and with ten horns, is generally identified with the Roman Empire, showing the book's concern with the power and ultimate fall of all human empires before God's eternal kingdom.

Fun facts

  • The expression 'the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven' (v.13) is quoted directly by Jesus before the high priest at his trial (Matthew 26:64), applying this messianic prophecy explicitly to himself.
  • This is considered by many scholars the first clear appearance of the 'apocalyptic' literary genre in the Bible, characterized by complex symbolic visions about the end of the age, which would strongly influence later books such as Revelation.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Daniel 7:1This dream takes place chronologically before the events of chapter 5, in Belshazzar’s first year — the book of Daniel does not follow a strictly chronological order, alternating between court stories and prophetic visions.
  2. Daniel 7:2The four winds stirring up ‘the great sea’ before the beasts emerge draws on an image common in the ancient Near East, where the sea represented chaos and foreign nations — the four beasts that come out of it are, by the end of the chapter, explained by the text itself as four kings or kingdoms.
  3. Daniel 7:3The sea, in the imagination of the ancient Near East, was a common symbol of chaos and threat — beasts coming up out of it already suggests, before any further detail, that they represent hostile, unpredictable powers.
  4. Daniel 7:4Lion, bear, and leopard, each with some exaggerated feature — wings, three ribs in its mouth, four heads — pick up the same idea of successive empires already seen in the statue of chapter 2, now in the language of beasts instead of metals.
  5. Daniel 7:5Raising itself up ‘on one side’ may indicate an empire that is unbalanced or expansionist in a specific direction; the traditional identification links this bear to the Medo-Persian empire, Babylon’s successor.
  6. Daniel 7:6Four heads and four wings suggest a swift power later split into parts — the traditional reading associates this leopard with Alexander’s Greek empire, fragmented among his generals after his death.
  7. Daniel 7:7Unlike the first three beasts, which resemble known creatures, this fourth beast has no comparison to any real animal — a sign that it represents a power so brutal it escapes any natural category.
  8. Daniel 7:8The exact identity of this ‘little horn’ is one of the biggest debates in the interpretation of Daniel — some historical readings link the figure to a ruler of the Greek period, while others read it as a symbol of a future oppressive power.
  9. Daniel 7:9‘The Ancient of days’ sitting on a throne of fire, with books opened before him, is a scene of heavenly courtroom — a formal judgment, with written records, an image that appears in several Jewish apocalyptic texts to describe the nations’ final reckoning.
  10. Daniel 7:10The scene resembles a heavenly court of justice, with an enormous number of servants and open books — the image of a formal, public judgment, not an arbitrary or secret punishment.
  11. Daniel 7:11The beast’s destruction is triggered specifically by the arrogance of its words, a pattern already seen with Nebuchadnezzar: speaking with excessive pride precedes the fall in several parts of the book.
  12. Daniel 7:12Saying that the earlier empires lost their dominion but went on existing for a while suggests a gradual transition of power, not the immediate disappearance of entire peoples and cultures.
  13. Daniel 7:13‘One like the Son of man’ coming with the clouds of heaven is one of the most debated expressions in the whole Bible: the chapter itself explains later, in verses 18 and 27, that the kingdom is given ‘to the saints of the most High,’ that is, to the faithful people as a whole — but later traditions read this figure as one specific individual. Both readings coexist in the book’s history of interpretation.
  14. Daniel 7:14This eternal kingdom given to the figure ‘like the Son of man’ contrasts directly with all the earlier empires in the vision, which, however powerful, all had an expiration date.
  15. Daniel 7:15Daniel’s emotional reaction, physical distress at his own vision, shows that even as the prophet receiving the revelation, he does not experience it with cold detachment; the scene affects him as a person.
  16. Daniel 7:16Unlike Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams, which needed Daniel to interpret them, here it is Daniel himself who receives the vision and has to ask a heavenly being what it means.
  17. Daniel 7:17The interpreter explains directly that the beasts represent kings or kingdoms — most of Daniel’s apocalyptic visions use this same code, in which an animal stands for political power.
  18. Daniel 7:18‘The saints of the most High’ here probably designates God’s faithful people as a whole, not some restricted category of extraordinary individuals — the promise is collective, not individual.
  19. Daniel 7:19Daniel asks for specific details only about the fourth beast, a sign that it was the part of the vision that most intrigued and frightened him among everything he had seen.
  20. Daniel 7:20Repeating the details of the little horn, already described in verse 8, shows that this specific figure is Daniel’s real focus of interest within the whole vision of the four beasts.
  21. Daniel 7:21The little horn making war against the saints for ‘a time and times and the dividing of time’ is another symbolic and obscure time expression, much debated across the centuries with no consensus on the exact length it represents.
  22. Daniel 7:22The story’s turning point depends on a direct intervention by ‘the Ancient of days’ — the little horn’s power is not defeated by a rival military force, but by a judgment coming from outside the human political system.
  23. Daniel 7:23Saying that this kingdom will devour ‘the whole earth’ suggests a reach without precedent among the vision’s earlier empires, consistent with the traditional identification of this fourth kingdom as Rome.
  24. Daniel 7:24The exact identity of these ten kings and the king who succeeds them is one of the most debated points among scholars of the book — the text names no nations or rulers, leaving room for different historical readings.
  25. Daniel 7:25‘A time and times and the dividing of time’ is a coded expression, with no clear indication of an exact length in years — generally understood as a poetic way of saying ‘a limited period,’ rather than a calendar calculation.
  26. Daniel 7:26The little horn’s power is not merely defeated but ‘consumed... unto the end’ — an emphasis on the finality of its fall, leaving no room for it to rise again afterward.
  27. Daniel 7:27Handing the kingdom over ‘to the people of the saints of the most High’ is the text’s own explanation of what the figure of the son of man represents: not a single individual seizing power, but the faithful people collectively receiving an everlasting kingdom.
  28. Daniel 7:28Keeping the vision ‘in my heart’ without telling anyone right away suggests Daniel needed time to process alone the emotional weight of what he had seen before writing it all down.

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